Student Introduction

Chapter 1: Why Study Logic

1. Logic as a Defensive Tool
2. Deductive Reasoning
3. Valid, Invalid, and Sound
4. Arguments Logic and Belief Testing
5. Key Terminology
6. Concept Summary
7. Exercises

1. Recognizing Arguments
2. Other Uses of Language
3. Meaning and Clarification
4. What is Truth?
5. Key Terminology
6. Concept Summary
7. Exercises

1. Deduction and Induction
2. Induction and Reliable Beliefs
3. Induction: A Case Study
4. Logic and Creativity
5. Key Terminology
6. Concept Summary
7. Exercises

1. Introduction
2. The Value of Abstraction
3. Fallacies of Relevance
4. Appeal to Popularity
5. Appeal to Authority
6. Traditional Wisdom
7. Provincialism
8. Appeal to Loyalty
9. Two Wrongs Make a Right
10. Ad Hominem Abusive and Circumstantial
11. Irrelevant Reason
12. Key Terminology
13. Concept Summary
14. Exercises

1. Introduction
2. Fallacies of Questionable Premise
3. Slippery Slope
4. Questionable Dilemma
5. Straw Person
6. Fallacies of Weak Induction
7. Hasty Conclusion
8. Questionable Cause
9. Appeal to Ignorance
10. Fallacies of Presumption
11. Begging the Question
12. Complex Question
13. Ambiguity-Equivocation
14. Questionable Analogy
    
15. Suppressed Evidence
16. Key Terminology
17. Concept Summary
18. Exercises

1. Exercises

1. Introduction
2. Logical Connectives
3. Usage Dictionary of Logical Connectives
4. Exercises I
5. Exercises II
6. Complex Translations and the Use of Parentheses
7. Exercises III
8. Exercises IV
9. Exercise V

1. Introduction
2. Symbolic Pictures of Logical Connectives: "And, "Or, and "Not"
3. Exercises I
4. Logical Connectives Continued: "If..., then..." and "If and only if"
5. Final Truth Table for Logical Connectives
6. Exercises II
7. Short Cuts and Human Learning
8. Truth Tables, Validity, and Logical Pictures
9. Exercises III
10. Exercises IV
11. Argument Forms and Variables
12. Exercises V
13. Brief Truth Tables
14. Exercises VI

1. Introduction
2. Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity
3. Step 1: Recognizing Forms -- Copi's 9 Rules of Inference
4. Step 1 Exercises
5. Strategies For Pattern Recognition
6. Step 2: Justifying Reasoning Trails with the Rules of Inference
7. Step 2 Exercises
8. Step 3: On Your Own, Constructing Formal Proofs with the Rules of Inference
9. Step 3 Exercises
10. Translations and Formal Proofs

1. Introduction
2. The Nineteen Rules
3. Application Practice
4. Step 4: Rules of Replacement Exercises
5. Common Sense Origins
6. Strategies for Pattern
7. Recognition Revisited
8. Step 5 Exercises
9. Subroutines
10. Direction, Strategies, and Working Backwards
11. Step 6 Exercises
12. Brief Truth Tables Revisited and Decision Strategies
13. Translations
14. Clarification Exercises
15. Holiday Adventures

1. Introduction
2. Syllogisms and Quantification Logic
3. Usage Dictionary
4. Dictionary Elaboration
5. Exercises I
6. Proving Validity in Quantification Logic
7. The Square of Opposition and Change of Quantifier Rules
8. Exercises II
9. Exercise III
10. Exercise IV
11. Exercises V
12. Exercises VI
13. Exercises VII
14. Final Note

• Introduction
• Bivalent Logic and Paradoxes
• Fuzzy Interpretations and Degrees of Truth
• Fuzzy Conditionals and Fuzzy Validity
• Resolution of Paradoxes and Implications
• Philosophy: What about reality?
• Exercises I
• Exercises II-IV
• Exercises V