Recent Publications Include:
Fukunaga, A. & Bailey-Brock, J.H.
2008. Benthic infaunal communities around two artificial reefs in Mamala Bay,
Oahu, Hawaii. Marine Environmental Research. 65: 250-263
Non-fishery use of artificial reefs has been given attention in recent years.
The primary concern associated with non-fishery artificial reefs is their
effects to the surrounding ecosystems. This study examined the infaunal
communities around two non-fishery artificial reefs (the sunken vessels YO257
and Sea Tiger) in Mamala Bay, Hawaii. Infaunal community structures at
these artificial reefs were relatively similar to one at a nearly natural patch
reef. A large amount of basalt gravel around YO257 associated with its
deployment operation possibly had an effect on the surrounding community by
increasing pore space. Polychaete assemblages were compared with existing
data throughout the bay, and this revealed that the variation in sediment grain
sizes and depths seemed to play some role in structuring the polychaete
communities. Nevertheless, the infaunal communities around the artificial
reefs were typical and within the range of natural variation in Mamala Bay,
supporting their beneficial uses in ecotourism.
Salazar-Vallejo, S.I., Bailey-Brock,
J.H. & Dreyer, J.C. 2007. Revision of Pseudexogone Augener, 1922 (Annelida,
Polychaeta, Syllidae), and its transfer to Pilargidae. Zoosystema. 29(3):
1-19.
Pseudexogone
Augener, 1922, with P. backstromi Augener, 1922 as the type and only
species, has been regarded as a member of the family Syllidae. It was
questionably placed in the Syllidae in the description and apparently some
morphological features were confused. The type material is lost. In
this contribution: 1) Pseudexogone is redefined with the apparent
autapomorphy of having curved, bidentate notospines; 2) Pseudexogone is
transferred to the Pilargidae, closely allied to Synelmis Chamberlin,
1919; 3) those species described identified as Synlemis dineti Katzmann,
Laubier & Ramos, 1974, are regarded as members of Pseudexogone; and 4)
additional species from several localities are described. Specimens were
studies by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Besides the type
species, four other species are distinguished by using the presence of eyes and
type of furcated chaetae: P. dineti n. comb., from the Mediterranean and
northeastern Atlantic Ocean; P. helmuti n. sp. From the southern Indian
Ocean; P. imaginai n. sp., from the western pacific Ocean; and P.
williamsae n. sp., from the eastern Pacific Ocean. A key is included to
identify all species in the genus.
Bailey-Brock, J.H., Kirtey, D.W.,
Nishi, E. & Pohler, S. M.J. 2007. Neosabellaria vitiensis, n. sp. (Annelida:
Polychaeta: Sabellariiae), from Shallow Water of Suva Harbor, Fiji. Pacific
Science. 61(3): 399-406
A new species of the genus Neosabellaria Kirtley, 1994, is described from
shallow-water locations of Suva Harbor, Fiji. Neosabellaria vitensis
Bailey-Brock, Kirtley, Nishi, & Pohler, n. sp., is a gregarious sabellariid; its
tubes are constructed of sand and shell debris and form small "reefs" exposed
during low tides. The new species is distinguished by the structure of
opercular paleae in the middle row, which are shoe-shaped with circular tips,
and paleae in the outer row, which have distal lateral teeth and denticulate
median plum. Detailed morphological features of the new species are
described and compared with other Pacific sabellariid species, particularly with
most closely related N. clandestina (Menon & Sareen, 1966).
Neosabellaria vitiensis is endemic to the Fiji Islands.
Bailey-Brock, J.H., Brock, R., Kam,
A., Fukunaga, A. & Akiyama, H. 2007. Anthropogenic Disturbance on Shallow
Cryptofaunal Communities in a Marine Life Conservation District on Oahu,
Hawai'i. International Review of Hydrobiology. 92(3): 291-300.
Cryptic invertebrate communities in coral
rubble and sand from Hanauma Bay, a Marine Life Conservation District,
were analyzed. Substratum samples were collected from the shallow bench
and sand channels next to the beach and the cryptofauna were examined.
Sand from the shallows (0.6 m deep) is frequently trampled by beach
users and has a depauperate community dominated by a polychaete (Saccocirrus
alanhongi) and a variety of nematodes (mean no. taxa = 12, mean no.
individuals = 1,143 (0.1 m-˛), but sand collected 25 m seaward from
below trampling depths (3 m), showed significantly greater diversity
(mean no. taxa = 46, mean no. individuals = 6,448 (0.1m-˛). Coralline
rubble from 0.5 m depth was acid-dissolved to extract the cryptofauna
that was trapped on 0.5 and 0.25 sieves. In total, 102 taxa and 10,673
individual invertebrates (0.1m-˛) were found. Rubble collected from
areas used by waders had a greater diversity than sand habitats. This
substratum provides a greater variety of microhabitats and protection
from trampling for endolithic fauna than sand. Waders may actively avoid
rubble because of the discomfort from walking on this hard, uneven
substratum. We found that despite enforced protective measures, i.e.,
stopping fishing and collection of marine life, banning fish feeding,
and limiting the number of visitors, disturbance by human trampling on
shallow sands still reduces the species richness in these areas. Cryptic
biota below wading depth, and from adjacent coral rubble on sand, are
not similarly affected. These results are similar to those from another
heavily used beach on Oahu and cryptofauna ecology may be useful to
adopt as a management option for Marine Preserves in other locations.
Bybee, D.R., Bailey-Brock, J.H., &
Tamaru, C. 2006. Larval Development of Sabellastarte spectabilis (Grube,
1878) (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in Hawaiian Waters. Scientia Marina.
December 2006: 279-286.
The sabellid polychaete Sabellastarte spectabilis is common in bays and
harbours throughout Hawaii. It has become one of the most harvested marine
ornamental species in the State. Collection can be difficult and
potentially damaging to the reef community. Understanding the reproduction
and life history of this polychaete will benefit the marine ornamental trade by
facilitating aquaculture of the species and coral reef conservation by
decreasing destructive collecting practices. There is very little known
about the biology of this species. Experiments were conducted at the
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology in induce and document spawning and larval
development. Oocytes range between 150-200 µm in diameter and sperm have
spherical heads. Cell division in fertilized eggs begins approximately
twenty minutes after spawning. Developmental stages were documented using
light and scanning electron microscopy. Swimming larvae are first seen 7-8
h after spawning. Larvae have a well-developed prototroch and a less
conspicuous neurotroch and metatroch. Two chaetigers develop sequentially
on days 6-8. This is the first reported induction of spawning and
description of larval development from fertilized egg to settlement and
metamorphosis from this species.
Bybee, D.R., Bailey-Brock, J.H., &
Tamaru, C. 2006. Evidence for Sequential Hermaphroditism in Sabellastarte
spectabliis (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in Hawai'i. Pacific Science.
60(4): 541-547.
Understanding the reproductive characteristics of Sabellastarte
spectabilis (Grube, 1878), an economically important polychaete worm
collected for the aquarium trade, is essential to the development of
artificial propagation and conservation of coral reefs. The purpose of
this study was to determine whether S. spectabilis is hermaphroditic.
Using histological techniques, 180 individuals were examined for
gametes. Gametes were present only in abdominal segments. Primary
oocytes were 7-8 u in diameter in histologically prepared slides. Sperm
appeared as round black dots about 2 u in diameter on histologically
prepared slides. Most individuals sampled had only one type of gamete in
the coelom, but both eggs and sperm were seen in the coelom of 15% of
individuals, demonstrating the occurrence of hermaphrodism in Hawaiian
populations of S. spectabilis. The sex ratio of male to females was
skewed significantly toward males in both the small (6-8 mm diameter)
and medium (9-10 mm diameter) sized worms. Among the largest worms
(11-13 mm diameter), the sex ratio did not diverge significantly from
1:1. There was a significantly higher proportion of hermaphrodites (30%)
in the large size class. Worms of unknown gender, although present in
all size classes examined, were most frequent (33%) in the medium size
class. These patterns are consistent with sequential (protandrous)
hermaphrodism.
Bybee, D.R., Bailey-Brock, J.H., & Tamaru, C. 2006. Gametogenesis and
spawning periodicity in the fan worm Sabellastarte spectabilis
(Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Marine Biology. 151(2): 639-648.
The sabellid polychaete Sabellastarte
spectabilis (Grube 1878) was collected at approximately monthly
intervals from January 2002 to December 2003 from intertidal and
subtidal reefs near the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology in Kane'ohe
Bay, Hawaii, USA (21oN, 157oW).
Gametogenesis and spawning periodicity were investigated using
histological techniques and induction of spawning trials. Worms
were characterized into four discrete reproductive stages based on
histological evidence: (1) No evidence of reproductive activity in the
coelom (sex cannot be determined), (2) Only coelomocytes present in the
coelom (sex cannot be determined), (3) Some gametes present in the
coelom (sex can be determined) and (4) Coelom densely packed with
gametes (sex can be determined). The small hermaphroditic portion
of the population was not used in the study. Stage 4 worms were
present over an extended period of time (females, March-December and
males, March-November) indicating a potentially broad reproductive
season. No correlation between day length and maturation stages in
S. spectabliis was detected. However, the statistical model
Y= ([394.26 x X] - [7.793 x X2]) - 4960.781 where Y the %
frequency of Stage 4 worms and X the mean monthly water temperature
explained 44% of the variation between water temperature and % frequency
of Stage 4 worms. Maturation appeared to coincide with water
temperatures of 24-25oC (March-September) after which there
is a reduction in the % frequency of stage 4 individuals.
Induction of spawning trials conducted between May and January showed
the month of October with a significantly higher percent success than
any other month investigated. According to all available
information (e.g., natural spawning in water tables, histological data,
induction of spawning trials, correlation of maturation stages with
observed changes in average monthly water temperature.), there is an
apparent peak in reproductive activity (spawning) within a broad
maturational season, which may be influenced by water temperature.
Lee, H. W., J. H. Bailey-Brock & M. M. McGurr. 2006.
Temporal changes in the polychaete infaunal community surrounding a Hawaiian mariculture operation. Marine Environmental Progress Series
307:175-185.
Benthic monitoring efforts in the vicinity of a Pacific Threadfin, Polydactylis sexfilis, mariculture venture have allowed us to examine eutrophic effects on the infaunal community. Polychaete infaunal communities from two sites near the point source were compared to two Control stations beyond the range of fish feed and wastes. Regression analysis indicated significant decreases in Shannon-Weiner diversity over time and near the effluent source. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) showed a progression of species succession and turnover at Impacted sites but relatively unchanging polychaete communities at Control sites. An analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) indicated significant differences between community structures at Impacted and Control sites but less obvious differences over time. An abundant and regionally widespread polychaete Pionosyllis heterocirrata had disappeared from Impacted sites. Increasing abundances of two opportunistic polychaetes, Capitella capitata (complex) and Ophryotrocha adherens resulted in decreasing Shannon-Weiner diversity values (H′) at Impacted stations. Expanding populations of C. capitata and O. adherens seem to be preceded by high densities of Myriochele oculata. These three species may represent an order of succession due to attrition by anoxia in Hawaiian waters. Deviation of the infaunal polychaete community at Impacted sites resulting from the appearance of polychaete pollution indicators, low species richness resulting from the disappearance of ambient polychaete species and depressed community abundance reflect the effects of fish mariculture on the benthic community. Such effects may be diluted by the open ocean location on the south shore of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i.
Barret, B. M. & J. H. Bailey-Brock. 2005. Progoniada oahuensis, a new species from Oahu, Hawaii (Annelida: Polychaeata: Goniadidae). Proceedings of the Bioloigcal Society of Washington 118:251-258.
A new species of Progoniada is described. This is the third species in the genus and the first known from the Hawaiian Islands. It differs from the two previously known species in having two compound falcigerous chaetae, jaws with 5 teeth in the ventral arc, proboscis papillae of two types, and compound falcigers with blades less than half the length of the spiniger blades. Distribution in Hawaiian waters is from 34 and 70 meters at sewage outfalls and at disposal dump sites off Oahu at 397 and 502 meter depths.
Erseus, C., O. Giere, J. Dreyer & J. H. Bailey-Brock. 2005. A new marine species of Tubificoides (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) from Hawaii, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 118:264-269.
Tubificoides calvescentis is described from subtidal sediments near a sewage outfall at Sand Island, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. It is chracterized by hair chaetae being restricted to reclitellar segments, small atria and spermathecae, and smooth, cylindrical, cuticular penis sheaths. Tubificoides bakeri Brinkhurst, 1985, known from the West coast of North America, appears to be closely related to the new species; its male genitalia are virtually identical to those of T. calvescentis. However, T. bakeri does not possess distinct cuticular papillae, which are evident in T. calvescnetis, and it has more numerous chaetae and more slender spermatozeugmata than those of the new species. The paper also provides a nomenclaturally updated list of all marine oliogochaetes reported from Hawaii.
Dreyer, J., J. H. Bailey-Brock & S. A.
McCarthy. 2005. The immediate effects of Hurricane Iniki on intertidal
fauna on the south shore of O'ahu.
Marine Environmental
Research 59:367-380.
When Hurricane Iniki struck the Hawaiian Islands in September 1992,
it provided a rare opportunity to examine the immediate effects of a hurricane
on two intertidal benthic communities off the reefs of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. The Niu
Beach site contained large, obvious aggregations of the tube building polychaete
Diopatra dexiognatha, and the Wailupe Beach site was without obvious tubiculous
fauna at the surface. Ten replicate sediment cores were taken before and after
the hurricane with a 7.6 cm PVC corer and organisms were identified to family
and enumerated. There were no substantial depletions or loss of taxa after the
hurricane. Oligochaetes were the most dominant taxa pre-and post-hurricane. The
abundance of all dominant polychaete families increased post-hurricane. The
three most abundant polychaetes were capitellids and D. dexiognatha (Onuphidae)
at Niu Beach and Pygospio muscularis (Spionidae) at Wailupe Beach. We suggest
that D. dexiognatha and P. muscularis help stabilize the sediments since they
both form dense tube mats while capitellids and oligochaetes are considered
highly adaptive surface burrowers that can take advantage of newly disturbed
sediments. Overall, there was no substantial effect observed on the intertidal
fauna exposed to this severe disturbance. It is suggested here that invertebrate
communities in this area are adapted to survive and thrive in high-energy
environments and possibly benefit from dense aggregations of tube building
polychaetes.
Bybee, D. R., J. H. Bailey-Brock & C. S. Tamaru.
2004. Larval Development of Sabellastrate spectabilis in Kaneohe Bay,
O'ahu, Hawai'i, USA. Eighth International Polychaete Conference.
Lee, H. W., J. H. Bailey-Brock & M. M. McGurr.
2004. Population synamics of two oppotunistic polychaetes at organic effluent
sources in Hawai'i. Eighth International Polychaete Conference.
Bailey-Brock, J. H., M. M. McGurr, D. R. Bybee & H. W. Lee. 2003. Impacts of Open Ocean Mariculture of Pacific Threadfin,
(Polydactylus sexfilis, Moi) on the Benthos off O'ahu, Hawai'i. World
Aquaculture Conference, Brazil.
Bybee, D.
R. & J. H. Bailey-Brock. 2003. Effects of a Hawaiian
Open Ocean fish Culture System on the Benthic Community. World Aquaculture
Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States.
Experimental rearing of Pacific Threadfin or moi (Polydactylus
sexfilis) in an open ocean cage off O'ahu, Hawai'i, required benthic
community studies for state water quality permits. Sediment samples
were collected and processed using EPA approved methids to extract the infauna,
and taxa were identified and enumeratedd. The experiment comprised two studies,
Phase I with 70,000 fish and Phase II with 130,000 fish. Phase I showed no
significant difference in any of the taxonomic groups except for an increase
in two polychaetes, Ophrytrocha adherens (Dorvilleidae) and Capitella
capitata (Capitellidae) in the sand under the fish cage. Phase II results
were very similar to Phase I results. Peaks in the abundance of O. adherens
and C. capitata in Phase II occurred much later in the experiment
and (for O. adherens) at lower levels despite the fact that fish density
and feed amounts had nearly doubled. It was concluded that less feed waste
reached the bottom due to improvements in both feeding regimes and apparatus
(feed-catch tray) unique to Phase II. After fish were harvested from the
cage, both O. adherens and C. capitata populations returned
to previous numeric levels. Because of their sensitivity to environmental
conditions and an opportunistic lifestyle, O. adherens and C. capitata
are possible indicator species of organic enrichment which, in this case,
appears to be favorable to both species. Conclusions are that the benthic
invertebrate communtiy was not negatively affected as shown by the lack of
consistently significant change in abundance among non-polychaetes, comparable
polychaete species richness at both sites, and the return of O. adherens
and C. capitata to pre-culture levels in less than two months after
feeding was terminated.
Bailey-Brock, J. H., J. Dreyer & R. E. Brock. 2003. Three New Species of Saccocirrus
(Polychaeta: Saccocirridae) from Hawai'i. Pacific Science (57) 4:463-47.
Three new species of saccocirrids from interstitial sand habitats
off O'ahu, Hawai'i, are described. Two are from subtidal depths, 9-33 m, and
the third is from the intertidal to 3.5 m deep on a fringing reef and at
Hanauma Bay, the Marine Life Conservation District and public park. The two
deeper-water species, Saccocirrus oahuensis, n. sp. and S.
waianaensis, n. sp., have 76-119 and 157-210 segments, respectively; they
also have bilateral gonads but lack a pharyngeal pad. The third, S. alanhongi,
n. sp., has 35-47 segments, unilateral gonads, and a muscular pharyngeal
pad. These species are distinguished from 18 known Saccocirrus spp.
by their unique chaetation, number of segments, presence or absence of ventral
cilia, and pygidial adhesive structures. Saccocirrus oahuensis
consumes foraminiferans, and S. alanhongi contained diatoms, unicellular
algae, and ostracods. These species add to the interstitial fauna of O'ahu
and cooccur with polychaetes Nerilla antennata (Nerillidae) and protodrilids
(Protodrilidae), and Kinorhyncha. Saccocirrus alanhongi withstands
almost daily disturbance by 600-1200 bathers per day entering the sandy swimming
holes in the reef at Hanauma Bay.
Bailey-Brock, J. H. 2003. Coral reef
polychaetes of Guam and Saipan, Mariana Islands. Micronesica (35) 36:200-217.
Polychaetes are important food resources of reef fishes and invertebrates.
Some are indictors of environmental perturbation and reef condition. Species
inventory recognizing native and alien species is important to regulatory
agencies. Polychaetes collected from coastal habitats of Guam and Saipan,
with published records, raise the known number of species from Guam to 104
and from Saipan to 51. The number from Saipan is an underestimate based on
collections in many shallow reef habitats identified by hartman, two shorts
visits by the author and a few specimens sent by a resident. Infaunal polychaetes
in sand, rock crevices, and those removed from the digestive tracts of gastropods
(Conus spp.), belong to 30 families, 25 known from Guam, 20 from Saipan
with five of these only recorded from Saipan. Polychaetes are listed by family
with collection site(s). Authors of published records are given for each species.
Comparisons of community structure based on species richness, common taxa,
and trophic guilds with those of West Pacific, Hawaiian, and East Indian Ocean
locations are made. Using published records and quantitative data available
only for some islands, reef polychaete communities of Guam are similar to
those of Hawai'i, Enewetak, and Indonesia in species composition and density.
More collections and taxonomic studies would add more species to presently
under-represented families in Guam e.g. the Spionidae, Serpulidae adn Spirorbidae.
Recently introduced polychaetes include Oenone fulgida, Timarete caribous,
Thelepus setosus, and Sabellastarte spectabilis collected form
the floating drydock facility, Machinist, one week after arriving in Apra
Harbor from Hawai'i. The serpulid, Salmacina dysteri, was also on the
dry dock, but had been recorded earlier from Guam. This species most likely
reached Guam on the hull of a vessel in transit across the Pacific Ocean.
Bailey-Brock, J. H., B. Paavo, B. M. Barrett & J. Dreyer.
2002. Polychaetes Associated with a Tropical Ocean Outfall; Synthesis of
a Biomonitoring Program off O'ahu, Hawai'i. Pacific Science (56) 4:459-479.
A comparison of benthic polychaete communities off the Sand Island
Ocean Outfall was undertaken to recognize organic enrichment indicator species
for Hawaiian waters. Primary treatment sewage is discharged off the south
shore of O'ahu at 70m depth. A historical data set spanning nine years for
seven sites at 70m and two recent studies at 20, 50, and 100m depths were
analyzed. Geochemical data did not support the assumption that the outfall
is a significant source of organic enrichment in nutrient poor sandy sediments
within oligotrophic tropical waters. Five polychaete species, however, appeared
particularly sensitive, positively or negatively, to environmental conditions
near the outfall. Neanthes arenaceodentata (Nereididae) and Ophryotrocha
adherens (Dorvilleidae) have been dominant at sites within the outfall's
zone of initial dilution (ZID). Since 1993, N. arenaceodentata has
virtually disappeared while O. adherens concurrently became abundant
and continued to flourish at ZID sites. Well-known indicators within the
Capitella capitata complex (Capitellidae) were present at ZID and
control (far field) sites though their ZID abundance was greater. Two sabellids,
Euchone sp. B and Augeneriella dubia were inversely distributed,
the smaller Euchone sp. B at far field sites and larger A. dubia
within ZID stations. The former was most likely restricted to a greater proportion
of fine sediment particles at two far field sites. The most abundant and
widespread polychaete off O'ahu's south shore was Pionosyllis heterocirrata
(Syllidae), which does not seem to represent a sensitive indicator species.
Ophryotrocha adherens was the most abundant indicator species
within the ZID; P. heterocirrata was the most ubiquitous species at
all sites and should always be expected in these sediments. Traditional measurements
of numerical abundance, species richness, and diversity (H') have not shown
a clear distinction between ZID and far field sites in annual analyses.
An examination of composited data over an eleven-year period does support
such a distinction. MDS analyses clearly delineate different assemblages.
We suggest that MDS analyses are sensitive to the community differences present
near the outfall. The ZID community is clearly contained within the EPA-approved
ZID boundary. Since each ZID and far field site supports a diverse and coarsely
similar polychaete fauna, no pollution level effects seem to be present.
Barrett, B. M. & J. H. Bailey-Brock. 2001. Characterization
of the polychaete community adjacent to the Barbers Point Ocean Outfall,
O'ahu, Hawai'i. Hydrobiologia.
(Submitted for Review)
The benthic infauna from the vicinity of the Barbers
Point Ocean Outfall has been sampled at seven stations each year for over
ten to assess any effect on the community adjacent to the discharge of primary
treated domestic wastewater. The biomonitoring program is a requirement
of the waiver to secondary treatment for sewage effluent discharged through
the Barbers Point Outfall granted to the City and County of Honolulu. The
polychaete component of the infauna retained by a 0.5-mm sieve was the most
diverse and abundant portion of the soft-bodied invertebrates sampled. Traditional
assessments of benthic health using indices of richness and diversity have
been consistently supportive of little or no impact from the outfall. Herein,
multivariate techniques were utilized to characterize the benthic polychaete
community, examine patterns in community structure, and attempt to determine
explanatory environmental variables. Special attention was paid to any community
structure that might be attributed to the proximity of the ZID, and to the
contribution of taxa to differences that occur between Non-ZID and ZID-related
stations. The results provide a description of the polychaete community, and
an examination of the effect of sewage input on the oligotrophic waters off
O'ahu, Hawai'i.
Glasby, C. J. & J. H. Bailey-Brock. 2001. Bait-taking fireworms (Ampihinomidae:
Polychaeta) and other polychaetes. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and
Art Galleries of the Northern Territory. 17:37-41.
Bailey-Brock, J. H.,
B. Paavo, B. M. Barrett & J. Dreyer. 2001. Changes in Pollution Indicators at the Sand Island Sewage Outfall.
OCEANS 2001 MTS/IEEE Proceedings pp. 1401-1407.
Comparison of benthic communities off the Sand Island Ocean Outfall
was undertaken to recognize pollution indicator species for Hawaiian waters.
The primary treatment sewage is discharged off the south shore of O'ahu at
70m depth. An historical data set spanning 15 years for seven sites
at 70m (4 ZID and 3 far field) and two recent studies at 20, 50, and 100m
were compared. Polychaetes collected with a 7.6cm diameter sediment core were
sorted and five indicator species tentatively identified. Neanthes arenaceodentata
(Nereididae) and Ophryotrocha adherens (Dorvilleidae) have been
dominant at ZID stations. Since 1993, N. arenaceodentata has virtually
disappeared from the ZID while O. adherens became abundant and cotinues
to flourish there. The well known indicators within the Capitella capitata
complex (Capitelllidae) are present at ZID and far field sites. Two
sabellids, Euchone sp. B and Augeneriella dubia are inversely
distributed, the smaller Euchone sp. B at the far field stations and
larger A. dubia at the ZID. The former is most likely restricted to
the greater proportion of fine sediment particles at two far field sites.
Pionosyllis heterocirrata (Syllidae) is the most abundant and widespread
polychaete off O'ahu's south shore. These indicator species share life history
and feeding traits that lead to rapid growth and onset of reproduction, and
produce benthic juvenile that recruit to the parent population leading to
high levels of abundance. The success of indicator species is due to rapid
use of available food resources and resulting increase in abundance. O.
adherens is the most abundant indicator species at the ZID, P. heterocirrata
is the most ubiquitous species at all sites and should always be present
in these sediments. No pollution level effects on the benthic assemblages
seem to be present, but fluctutations in indicator abundances may indicate
a response to organic materials such as sewage outfalls. future changes in
benthic assemblages on O'ahu's south shore need to consider all possible
organic sources including sewage effluent, fish farm wastes, land run off,
canal and harbor drainage and the effects of beach nourishment projects.
R. C. Swartz, J. H. Bailey-Brock, W. J. Cooke & E. A. Kay. 2001. Macrobenthos Monitoring
Near the Sand Island and Barbers Point Ocean Outfalls, O'ahu, Hawai'i. OCEANS
2001 MTS/IEEE Proceedings pp. 1408-1416.
The Sand Island and Barbers Point treatment plants
discharge wastewaters into Mamala Bay through ocean outfalls located off the
southern coast off O'ahu, Hawai'i, at a water depth of approximately 60 m.
The macrobenthos in teh vicinity of these outfalls has been monitored since
1986. Replicate grabs at multiple stations located along transects and depth
contours have been collected to provide biological samples for quantitative
analyses. Samples for analyses of sediment grain size and parameters of sediment
organic enrichment have also been collected. Benthic conditions at sites
near the outfall have been comparred with reference conditions at sites 3
to 6 km from the outfalls to assess biological changes that might be related
to the wastewater discharge. The structure of mollusk, nonmollusk (all macrobenthos
excluding mollusks), and crustacean assemblages has been analysed separately.
Parameters of biological conditions include number of individuals, number
of species, diversity (H'), evenness (J'), faunal similarity (Bray-Curtis
index), indicator species, and dominant species composition. Conditions have
been compared in space (among stations from a single survey) and in time
(among samples from different surverys; usually conducted near each outfall
on an annual basis). Sediments, which were composed primarily of fine to
coarse sands, showed no evidence of organic enrichment at any station. A
diverse and abundant macrobenthos has been sampled near the two outfalls.
Samples from each survey typically contained hundreds of benthic taxa and
more than 10,000 individuals. Analyses of the abundance, taxa richenss and
diversity of mollusks and nonomollusks almost always showed no statistically
significant reductions at sites near the outfalls relative to the reference
sites. The abundance and taxa richness of crustaceans have often been less,
but usually not significantly less, at soem stations near the outfalls. The
collection of a variety of pollution-sensitive amphipods near the outfall
indicates that the diminshed crustacean fauna may be due to a noncontaminant
factor. Separate cluster analyses of mollusk and nonmollusks indicate that
factors associated with water depth are more closely realted to faunal similarity
atha proximity to the outfalls.Long-term temporal trends show increased macrobenthic
abundance. In summary, the weight if evidence indicates the Sand Island and
Barbers Point discharges have not caused substantial changes in the macrobenthos.
Bailey-Brock, J. H. 2000. A new record of the polychaete
Boccardia proboscidea (Family Spionidae), imported to Hawaii with
oysters. Pacific Science 54(1):27-30.
The spionid polychaete Boccardia proboscidea Hartman,
1940 was introduced to an oyster culture farm at Keahole, Hawai'i, with a
shipment of Ostrea edulis from Maine. Oysters were heavily infested
with adult worms, and burrows contained egg capsules with late-stage larvae.
Diagnostic morphological features match the species description based on
California material, except that the Hawai'i specimens are smaller. This
genus differs from other oyster-associated spionids, Polydora nuchalis
and P. websteri, in having blunt, bristle-tip setae on the fifth
setiger. Boccardia proboscidea forms shallow burrows nestled
under shell lamina and so differs from P. websteri, a true
carbonate borer, and P.nuchalis, which builds tubes of sediment in
ponds and ditches used for penaeid shrimp culture. Boccardia proboscidea
has a pan-Pacific distribution including the west coast of North America,
Japan, and southeastern Australia. This distribution is attributed in part
to the production of early and late larval stages that are widely dispersed
by ocean currents.
Bailey-Brock, J. H. & C. C. Emig, 2000. Hawaiian Phoronida
(Lophophorata) and their distribution in the Pacific Region. Pacific
Science 54(2):119-126.
Five Phoronis species are found in Hawaiian waters. Three
were recorded previously, and two others, P. muelleri and P. pallida,
are added here. Phoronis ovalis (the smallest) and P. hippocrepia
are perforant species forming burrows in coral rock, shells, and barnacle
encrustations, and P. psammophila, P. muelleri, and P. pallida
are sand-dwellers. Species diagnosis in phoronids requires sectioning to estimate
muscle formulas and arrangement of other internal organs. Included are a
key to Hawaiian species based on visible external features (so not entirely
accurate), description of each, and distribution in Hawaiian waters and the
Pacific Ocean.
McCarthy, S. A., E. A. Laws, W. A. Estabrooks, J. H. Bailey-Brock & E. A. Kay. 2000. Intra-annual variability in Hawaiian shallow-water,
soft-bottom macrobenthic communities adjacent to a eutrophic estuary. Estuarine
Coastal and Shelf Science. 50 (2): 245-258.
Temporal variability in shallow-water (10 m), soft-bottom macrobenthic
communities was examined over a period of 25 months (November 1992-November
1994) off-shore of the Ala Wai canal, a tropical eutrophic estuary on the
south shore of O'ahu, Hawaii. Despite significant temporal variations in
the density of major taxonomic groups at the four stations examined, there
was no evidence of a regular seasonal signal in the density fluctuations.
Although all stations showed a steady decline in mean density during the
unusually dry period in the spring of 1993, there was no evidence that observed
macrofaunal density fluctuations (maximum and minimum) were associated with
periods of increased runoff. Intensive macrobenthic sampling after a large
runoff event showed no evidence that the event influenced the density or
community composition of the benthos over a two month period. Total macrofaunal
density ranged from 491 to 4743 ind. 0.1 m-2 with total macrofaunal biomass
ranging from 4.7 to 109 mg AFDW 0.1 m-2 (AFDW-ash free dry weight), values
consistent with those of other tropical and subtropical studies. A significant
between-year difference in the density of total macrofauna was observed,
perhaps associated with the 1991-1994 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
event and the corresponding decreased rainfall in Hawaii.
Paavo, B.L., J.H. Bailey-Brock & B. Åkesson. 2000.
Morphology and life history of Ophryotrocha adherens sp.n. (Polychaeta,
Dorvilleidae). Sarsia 85:251-264.
An undescribed dorvilleid belonging to the genus Ophryotrocha,
Claparede & Mecznikov, has been collected in the harbor of Kyrenia,
Cyprus, the harbor of Las Palmas, the Canary Islands, and has recently been
reported from the Sand Island and Barber's Point sewage outfalls (Oahu, Hawaii)
during an ongoing benthic bio-monitoring program. Previous investigations
of possible indicator species suggest it may be an outfall associated species.
The species has been continuously cultured since 1971 in Sweden, and in Hawaii
since 1993. It has been documented by previous authors under the name Ophryotrocha
adherens. These laboratory cultures have produced a profile of the
species' life history. The basic reproductive pattern, which includes a short-term
free swimming larva and brood protection within a flexible mucous cocoon,
was revealed in a life table study. A full description of O. adherens
morphology is presented here including results of light and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) of parapodia, setae, cilia and dentition. Recent community
studies have shown that O. adherens abundances decrease with increasing
distance from primary treatment sewage outfalls over the past eight years.
Rapid reproductive response to organic enrichment makes O. adherens
a candidate for marine sediment bioassays.
Bailey-Brock, J.H. 1999. Ecology and biodiversity of
coral reef polychaetes of Guam and Saipan, Mariana Islands. Intern. Rev.
Hydrobiol. 84(2):181-196.
Bailey-Brock, J.H. 1999. Nerillidae of Hawaii: two new
records of interstitial polychaetes. Pacific Science 53(3):299-304.
Two species of the polychaete family Nerillidae are reported
from sand collected from the south shore of O'ahu, Hawai'i. Nerillaantennata
O. Schmidt was collected from a shallow fringing reef, and Mesonerillafagei
Swedmark with coarse sand from Honolulu Harbor. Both are less than 0.5 mm
in length and occupy an interstitial habitat. Nerillaantennata has
a broad geographic distribution including Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans,
and M. fagei is known from the North Atlantic. The morphology of Hawaiian
specimens is described and reproductive stages of M. fagei are illustrated.
Bailey-Brock, J.H., V.R. Brock & R.E. Brock. 1999.
Intrusion of anchialine species in the marine environment: the appearance
of an endemic Hawaiian shrimp, Halocaridina rubra on the south shore
of O'ahu (Hawaiian Islands). Pacific Science. 53 (4): 367-369.
A single specimen of the endemic anchialine shrimp Halocaridinarubra
Holthuis was collected on the reef under a brick in a freshwater extrusion
in the lower intertidal at Kawaiku'i Beach Park, Niu Valley, O'ahu, Hawai'i,
on 25 December 1998. Repeated collecting efforts at low tides failed to
produce more shrimp. The associated fauna includes an anadromous eleotrid
fish, Eleotris sandwicensis (the 'o'opu 'akupa), isopods
Apanthurainornata and Talitroides sp., alpheid shrimp (Alpheuscrassimanus),
an oligochaete, and gobioid fish (Bathygobiusfuscus). Fresh water
seeping out across the sand and visible in the area at low tides may have
been the source of the specimen. This find may represent a rare occurrence
of H.rubra in the reef flat habitat or the intrusion of anchialine
species may occur with some frequency after heavy rains when the groundwater
flow increases.
Brock, R.E. & J.H. Bailey-Brock. 1999. A case study of
the efficacy of freshwater immersion in controlling the introduction of
alien marine fouling communities: The USS Missouri. Pacific Science.
53 (3): 223-231.
The historically significant battleship USS Missouri was recently
decommissioned and moved from Bremerton, Washington, to Hawai'i to become
a memorial museum at Pearl Harbor, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Dry-docking was completed
in January 1993, and since that time the vessel has been part of the inactive
fleet. In this 5-yr period, a dense growth of fouling organisms had developed
on the outer surfaces of the hull. Out of concern that the fouled hull could
become a source for the introduction of alien aquatic nuisance species to
Hawaiian waters, an evaluation of the fouling community was conducted. In
this study we found 116 taxa among 12 phyla in 10 samples scraped from the
vessel's hull. Seventy-six species were identified: 11 known from Hawaiian
waters, 17 with known temperate-boreal distributions, and the remaining
48 known only from the Pacific Northwest. Forty percent of the taxa in this
fouling community were not identified to species, so there remained some potential
for alien species introduction. As a precaution to prevent accidental introductions,
the ship was moved from Bremerton to the Columbia River in Oregon for a 9-day
sojourn in freshwater before its transoceanic crossing to Pearl Harbor. Inspection
of the vessel's hull upon arrival in Pearl Harbor revealed more than 90%
of the hull to be completely clear of any fouling organisms. Only 11 species
were found to be alive: 3 species probably recruited to the hull on the transoceanic
crossing that may routinely arrive in Hawaiian waters, 4 species already
present in Hawai'i, 3 Pacific Northwest species that appeared to be close
to death on their arrival in Hawai'i, and 2 euryhaline amphipod species probably
recruited to the hull while in the Columbia River. The amphipods were not
reproductive and brooding young, suggesting that these species would not
be successful colonists. A final inspection and sampling of the hull 83 days
after arriving at Pearl Harbor failed to find live or dead Columbia River
amphipods norwere the three Pacific Northwest species alive. Freshwater exposure
for 9 days coupled with increased water temperatures during the journey to
Hawai'i appear to be an extremely effective means of eliminating the temperate
marine fouling community. This action substantially reduced the probability
that an alien species would be introduced with the arrival of this historic
vessel in Hawai'i.
Brock, R.E. & J.H. Bailey-Brock. 1998. An unique anchialine
pool in the Hawaiian Islands. Internat. Rev. Hydrobiol. 83: 65-75.
The Sailor's Hat crater was artificially formed on the south
coast of Kaho'olawe Island in 1965 with explosives. The explosion formed
a crater about 50 m from the shoreline, which penetrates the watertable to
a 5 m depth. The pool at the bottom of the crater meets the criteria of an
anchialine pond because it shows tidal fluctuation, has measurable salinity,
and lacks surface connections to the sea. The water chemistry of this
pool is similar to the ocean except silica is elevated and salinity is slightly
depressed suggesting a small groundwater influence. The fauna is dominated
by waterboatmen, an endemic shrimp and tubeworm, polychaetes. amphipods,
an ostracod. gastropod, solitary ectoproct, anemone, flatworm and sponge.
The atyid shrimp, Halocaridina rubra, is a characteristic species
of Hawaiian anchialine systems and probably colonized this 32-year old pool
by active migration via the watertable. Colonization by the remaining fauna
may have occurred by storm surf (for marine species) or with the wind. Most
predators are unable to inhabit anchialine ponds because of difficult
access due to physical barriers, or to unsuitable ecological conditions.
The anchialine habitat and life history strategy of the atyid shrimp have
probably been important influences on the adaptative success of H. rubra
in the Hawaiian Islands, and may be important characteristics of hypogeal
anchialine species elsewhere.
McCarthy, S.A., J.H. Bailey-Brock & W.A. Estabrooks.
1998. Benthic communities associated with carbonate rubble and adjacent soft
sediments in a shallow coastal area of O'ahu, Hawai'i. Pacific Science.
52: 141-150.
Although the shallow, wave-swept sedimentary environment of the
near-shore subtidal region of Hawai'i would be expected to be characterized
by a relatively homogenous community associated with shifting sediments,
small-scale variability in the macrofauna exists. Benthic communities associated
with rubble are distinct from nearby sand areas. Higher densities, taxonomic
richness, and benthic biomass are characteristic of sediments containing
carbonate rubble fragments (ranging from 2 to 64 mm in size). Rubble communities
are dominated by annelids and a variety of crustaceans (primarily amphipods,
isopods, and tanaids); sand communities are dominated by nematodes. The unconsolidatedcarbonate
rubble community displays an undisturbed Abundance Biomass Comparison (ABC)
pattern; the sand community displays a disturbed pattern. The divergent ABC
patterns may reflect differences in substrate stability.
Bailey-Brock, J.H., E.A. Kay & W.J. Cooke. 1996. Benthic
community structure investigation of deep ocean dredged material disposal
sites in Mamala Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Final Report, Army Corps of Engineers,
Pacific Ocean Division. October, 1996. 185pp.
Bailey-Brock, J.H. 1995. Polychaetes of Western Pacific
Islands: A review of their systematics and ecology. Chapter 7 in Marine
and Coastal Biodiversity in the the Tropical Island Pacific Region. Vol.1.
East-West Center and Pacific Science Association, pp. 121-134.
Bailey-Brock, J. H. & R. E. Brock. 1993. Feeding, reproduction,
and sense organs of the Hawaiian anchialine shrimp Halocaridinarubra
(Atyidae). Pacific Science 47(4): 338.355.
The Hawaiian endemic shrimp Halocaridina rubra
Holthuis currently inhabits anchialine pools on Maui, Kaho'olawe, O'ahu,
Moloka'i, and Hawai'i islands. Information is presented on the feeding, reproductive,
and sensory biology of these shrimp. Feeding cheliped setae are of two types,
serrated setae that scrape the substrate surface and filamentous setae that
collect the loosened food materials or act as filters. The shrimp are primarily
microphagous grazers that scrape the surface of the algal-cyanobacterial crust
on pool substrates. This grazing activity is essential in maintaining the
integrity of the crust, an actively growing matrix of plants, bacteria, diatoms,
protozoans, and underlying siliceous and carbonate materials. Filter feeding
is only observed in pools with dense phytoplankton blooms. The first and
second pleopods of male and female shrimp are illustrated, and reproduction
in captive populations from Hawai'i and O'ahu locations is described. Sense
organs examined include the eye, aesthetasc hairs, campaniform sensilla, ringed
setae, and abdominal pits with flared setae. The anchialine shrimp H.
rubra appears to be a generalist, feeds as a microphagous grazer
or filter feeder, is well adapted to the epigeal-hypogeal habitat in the
pools, reproduces in the subterranean portion of the habitat, and is equipped
with sensory structures that detect motion and chemical changes in the environment.
Survival of this endemic species is dependent upon the continued integrity
of its habitat, which is unique and sparsely represented on five of the eight
high Hawaiian Islands.
Bailey-Brock, J. H. 1991. Tubeworms (Serpulidae: Polychaeta)
collected from a sewage outfall, and coral reefs of the Hawaiian Islands,
including a new Hydroides species. Bull. Mar. Sci. 48 (2):198-207.
Fitzhardinge,
R. & J. H. Bailey-Brock. 1989. Colonization
of artificial reef materials by corals and other sessile invertebrates.
Bull. Mar. Sci. 44(2):567-579.
Bailey-Brock, J. H. 1989. Fouling community development
on an artificial reef in Hawaiian waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44(2):580-591.
Bailey-Brock, J. H. 1987. II. Phylum Annelida. In "Reef
and Shore Fauna of Hawaii," B. P. Bishop Museum Spec. Publ. 64 (2 and
3):213-453.
Bailey-Brock, J. H. 1984. Ecology of the tube
dwelling polychaete Diopetra leuckarti Kinberg, 1865 (Onuphidae) in
Hawaii: community structure, and sediment stabilizing properties. Zool. J.
Linn. Soc. 80:191-199.
Bailey-Brock, J. H., J. K. White & L. A. Ward.
1980. Effects of algal turf and depressions as refuges on polychaete assemblages
of a windward reef bench at Enewetak Atoll. Micronesica 16(1):43-58.
Brock, R. E. & J. H. Brock. 1977. A method for a
quantitatively assessing the infaunal community in coral rock. Limnology &
Oceanography 22(5):948-951.
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