The issue of ordination is a complex and fascinating one. The experience of each individual who becomes ordained is unique and depends on many factors. First, I suggest you read the sections of the book Sakyadhita: Daughters of the Buddha that deal with ordination and monasteries in the West. This may answer some questions and will no doubt raise further ones. There have been some studies done on the topic, but here I can only speak from my own experience. According to Buddhist tradition, the sign that Dharma is established in a place is the presence of a monastic Sangha. It is my sincere wish that a strong monastic Sangha be established in the West, so I am very happy to share my experience with you.
I have been happily ordained for 19 years: 13 years in India and 6 years in Hawai`i. However, I have had many friends over the years who have taken ordination and are no longer in robes. Their experience highlights issues that need to be considered seriously by anyone thinking of requesting ordination.
The wish to receive ordination is extremely virtuous, surely the result of positive actions and prayers. The monastic lifestyle is wonderful for Dharma practice, but being a Western nun is not always easy. Buddhism is new in the West and as yet there is very little support for Western monks or nuns on any level. Whether in India or the West, the problems of life cannot be solved simply by receiving ordination. So one of the first things to consider is one's motivation for becoming ordained.
If one's motivation is to live a peaceful life, to escape the problems of the world, to avoid human relationships, to solve emotional problems, or to get material support, receiving ordination will not guarantee any of these. The highest motivation is to practice the Buddha's teachings wholeheartedly for the sake of liberating oneself and others from cyclic existence. Laypeople can practice the Buddha's teachings wholeheartedly, too, but what distinguishes an ordained practitioner is depth of commitment. Receiving lay, novice, and full ordinations are each lifelong commitments to maintain various levels of precepts. To make anyof these commitments requires a thorough understanding of Buddhist teachings and a strong resolve to practice them.
Prerequisite to taking any of these ordinations is taking refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, which signifies becoming a Buddhist. Therefore, it is important to reflect on one's affinity with this spiritual tradition before making a commitment. It is also important to reflect on one's determination to keep the precepts before taking them. The novice and full ordinations represent increasingly serious commitments to Dharma practice. These ordinations involve more responsibilities and greater visibility: wearing robes, shaving the head, keeping additional precepts, and maintaining the expected behavior of a Buddhist monastic.
Taking on these commitments is a gradual process of ever-increasing dedication to the Buddhist path. Although I had been a Buddhist since childhood and wanted to be a nun for many years, I began by taking refuge in a formal ceremony with my teacher. Then I took the two lay precepts I felt sure I could keep. Each year I added one more precept until I had five. After keeping the five lay precepts for several years and becoming comfortable with them, it still took several more years of simplifying my life before I became a nun. When I met Ven. Nyanaponika, the renowned German monk, in Sri Lanka and told him of my aspiration to become a nun, he advised me: "Make sure you are not running away from anything." This turned out to be very sound advice. It caused me to reflect on my motivation and consider seriously whether I was ready for monastic life.
It is possible to take 8 precepts for life, including celibacy, and continue living in the world. Such a person may wear lay clothes, work a regular job, and wear an ordinary hairstyle, but privately maintain precepts similar to a nun or monk. To quietly maintain a celibate lifestyle is extremely virtuous, but can also be very difficult. Since nothing external distinguishes one from a layperson, it is easy to get drawn into worldly affairs and lose one's monastic resolve.
Becoming a monk or nun is very different, since the robes and shaved head announce one's dedication to the spiritual life and one's disassociation from worldly affairs such as sex, alcohol, and entertainments. Being visible in this way has its advantages and disadvantages. It protects one from worldly involvements, gives others a readily identifiable spiritual resource, and is a constant reminder of one's spiritual aspirations. At the same time, people have expectations of what a spiritual person should be and expect monastics to live up to them. Unless one's motivation is strong, such expectations may begin to feel constricting.
For me, ordination has often been a struggle for sustenance. So one of the first things to consider is how to support oneself. In the Tibetan tradition, it is possible to work at a job and be ordained. Unless you are independently wealthy or find some means of support, it may be necessary to work, but I do not feel that it is necessary or appropriate for nuns to wear lay clothes and long hair. I have worked at hospitals and universities for years with robes and a shaved head. The robes attract attention, which can be uncomfortable. Contemplating the value of precepts helps develop self-confidence, while contemplating compassion for living beings helps put others at ease. In time, people get used to the robes and often come to seek spiritual advice. The robes seem to inspire trust and serve to remind people their own spiritual dimension. Some people say it is better to wear lay clothes and be integrated in society, but I do not wish to be integrated in society, since my goals and interests are very different from the mainstream.
I recommend that people interested in ordination begin by receiving the lay precepts and practice with them until they feel comfortable. Meanwhile, through reading and talking with people who are or have been in robes, they can research the matter of being a monk or nun in Western society, understanding the benefits as well as the challenges. They also need to consider carefully the matter of financial support, since they can expect little support from any direction.
Becoming a nun or monk is a lifelong decision and entails trying to live according to very strict rules of discipline that were set forth at the time of the Buddha. It is good to be clear about this code of discipline as well as the social and cultural expectations involved before receiving precepts.
Although it is possible to change one's mind and return to lay life, it is generally a disappointing experience, both for the person and the people around. At present, there is no ideal place for Western nuns to train as nuns, so it is difficult to learn correct deportment. Courses offering training for nuns and women interested in ordination are badly needed.
One more thing to consider is the gender issue. Whether in Western or Asian societies, monks and nuns are often treated differently. Monks, especially Asian monks, are given respect and material support, while nuns, especially Western nuns, are sometimes neglected. Experiences of gender and racial discrimination like this can be quite discouraging. Attitudes are changing rapidly and women can make a very positive contribution by demonstrating women's capabilities. The most effective approach in Asian societies seems to be humility, sincerity, and perseverence.
What enabled me to live happily as a nun over the years was learning to transform my attitude toward difficult situations. When I had no money, I would reflect on renunciation. When I encountered obstacles, I would reflect on karma ripening. When I was sick, I would reflect on the Four Noble Truths. When I felt inadequate, I would reflect on Buddha nature, the potential for all beings to manifest enlightenment. Praise helped me develop humility, while humiliations helped me develop inner strength.
My teacher reminded me to reflect on the rarity of ordination, constantly rejoicing in my good fortune, especially first thing in the morning. Generating bodhicitta, the attitude of wishing to achieve enlightenment for the sake of all living beings, is one of the most valuable Buddhist teachings for maintaining a steady practice and handling difficulties in monastic life when they arise. With sincerity and a pure motivation, all difficulties can be overcome and can even be beneficial to our practice.
Karma Lekshe Tsomo, Sakyadhita: Daughters of the Buddha (Ithaca,
New York: Snow Lion Publications), 1989.
Sisters in Solitude: Two Traditions of Monastic Ethics for Women (Albany,
New York: State University of New York Press, 1996) and The Feminization
of Buddhism (Forthcoming) deal with this topic. The bibliographies in
these books give further references for studies on monastic discipline.
Other useful recent studies include Paul Kocot Nietupski's dissertation,
The History and Development of Buddhist Monasticism (Ann Arbor, Michigan:
University Microfilms, 1993) and In Young Chung's thesis, A Buddhist
View of Women: A Comparative Study of the Rules for Bhikus and Bhikus Based
on the Chinese Prtimoka (Berkeley: Graduate Theological Union, 1995).
