NIPPU JIJI ARCHIVE CONDITION SURVEY

Megan Radomski

Dawn Sueoka

Ju Sun Yi

LIS 619

8 December 2005

Introduction

Nature of Photographic Materials

Photographic materials should be housed in archival quality enclosures in order to increase their life span. While degradation is a natural chemical process, paying attention to the temperature, humidity, and overall storage conditions can extend the collection’s life. Furthermore, any conservation treatments to be done to the collection should not be damaging and should also be reversible.

In order to understand how to properly care for photographic materials, as is our hope with the Nippu Jiji Photo Archive, their nature must be understood. In the 1880’s modern photography was born, first with the development of the silver gelatin negative.[1] Later its importance was solidified by George Eastman’s commercialization of the process in the Kodak camera.

The silver gelatin negative is composed of light sensitive silver particles that are suspended in gelatin and finally suspended in a plastic. After the negative is exposed to light the image remains latent until it is subjected to a chemical process. If the process is not followed properly, the image on the negative can be unstable and lost over time. Nitrate was the first type of support to be used, but if was found to be highly flammable. Later, acetate “safety film” was used.[2] Because these negatives were reversals of the image captured, they were often used to make positive prints. These prints were made in a similar way as the negative, this time projecting light through the negative onto the light sensitive paper (made with a similar silver-gelatin solution). The paper could be any number of sizes (depending on how it was cut and how the negative was projected) and a variety of types, such as cotton rag or wood pulp.

Conservation and Care

Photographs and photographic negatives should be stored in a cool, dry, and dark place. The Northeast Document Conservation Center recommends that temperatures not exceed 70 degrees F.[3] Relative humidity should be between 30 and 50%, with less than 10% fluctuation per day. Photographs should be stored away from sprinklers, pipes and hygroscopic materials that absorb moisture and release it slowly into the atmosphere. Collections should be monitored often for mold and insects. Shelves should be adjustable and made of powder-coated metal.

The Nippu Jiji Photo Archive

The Nippu Jiji Photo Archive Project came about when the newspaper, Nippu Jiji, closed in 1985, leaving behind thousands of photographs.[4] Nippu Jiji was a Japanese weekly newspaper that circulated within the Japanese community starting in 1895. Then Nippu Jiji came to be known as the Hawai’i Times, and served the Japanese American community by providing information about local, national, and international events. Even though it is no longer being published, the paper continues to be an important historical and cultural source of information about Japanese Americans and their stories.

Before the newspaper agency officially closed in 1985, the vice president of the agency had photographs belonging to the newspaper stored in boxes in her garage. These photographs were offered to Dr. Dennis M. Ogawa in 1982. Dr. Ogawa, who is currently the Chair of the Department of American Studies, stored the collection in his office at the American Studies Department. Then in 1997, Dr. Ogawa created The Hawai’i Times Photo Archives Foundation to manage the collection and to help facilitate the Nippu Jiji Photo Archive Project.

There are five sections to the project. The first deals with identifying and categorizing the collection, while the second section deals with evaluating the historical and cultural importance of the collection. The third section concerns preservation issues, and the fourth section is the development of an electronic database of the collection. The last section of the project is the construction of “thematic links” with the photographs. The significance of the collection other than being historical and unique in its contents has yet to be fully determined until the completion each section. This report details how the third section, preservation, should be carried out.

Mission

The purpose of the foundation is to “oversee the development of a database that would allow people access to the Nippu Jiji images”[5] along with the captions and newspaper clippings that are attached to some of the photographs. Accessibility will take the form of a visual database available to the public to use for educational and research purposes. Further use and display of the collection, as well as where the collection will be permanently housed, will be decided upon after a full preservation/conservation assessment and treatment of the collection is completed.

Current Collection

While the collection mainly contains photographs, there are a variety of items included, such as photo albums and negatives. The black and white photographs and other paper materials measure 5 ½ x 7 ½ and smaller in size, dating at least from 1931 to 1963.

Main Paper Collection

24,000*[6] photographs

3,3000* newspaper clippings

+ 2,100* other miscellaneous paper

29,400* total items

Negative Collection

2,040* 4x5 inch

276* 2 1/4 inch

331* irregular dimensions, 5 3/4 inch at widest

1 roll 35 millimeter

Other Materials

2 photographic albums ≈ 11 x 15 in size

3 11 x 14 prints with major insect and acid damage

3 Black and white panoramic prints, badly curled

The bulk of the photographs are stored in legal sized boxes, organized by their original subject envelope. In each envelope there are between 1-20+ photographs and oftentimes newspaper clippings or other various paper materials glued to images. All other materials are stored in a final two boxes. One box contains negatives separated into their own generic mailing envelope along with odd sized prints and albums. The other box contains negatives in their original storage envelopes. They are stored about 1-20+ negative(s) per envelope.

Summary of findings

We surveyed the first one hundred items in the box labeled “Japanese Americans.” These items included photographs, mounted photographs, postcards, newspaper clippings, and pieces of paper. We recorded the dimensions of the items, the format, and the date, and made detailed notes on their condition. This information is included in the appendix.

Using these numbers, we predicted the nature and condition of the entire collection (excluding negatives, panoramas and photo albums), which was estimated at 30,000 items. Of the 30,000 total items, 11%, or 3,3000 items are newspaper clippings, 7%, or 2,100 items are other miscellaneous paper (cards, postcards, pieces of paper), and 82%, or 24,000 items are photographs. 10% of the collection, or 2,000 items have evidence of mold, and 2%, or 600 items have evidence of insect damage.

Of the estimated 24,000 photographs, 8.5%, or 2,100 were printed using an unknown, apparently older photographic process, and the other 91.5%, or 22,500 are standard black and white prints. 14.6%, or 3,600 have newspaper clippings glued to their backs, and 2.4%, or 600 are mounted. About 75% of the photos are dated. Of these, the majority is from the 1940s and 1950s. 61% or 15,006 photos were considered small (less than or equal to 4x5), 25.6%, or 6297.6 were considered medium (less than or equal to 5x7) and 13.4%, or 3296.4 were considered large (larger than 5x7).

Since there were only two boxes of negatives in the collection, we were able to count the total number of envelopes and, using a detailed survey of the first 50 negatives, conclude that there are an average of 5.4 negatives in each envelope. The majority of the negatives (77.1%, or 2,043.9 negatives) are 4x5. 10.4%, or 275.7 are 2 1/4 and the remaining 331.4 are odd sizes. The negative survey spreadsheet is included in the appendix.

Conservation Treatment Proposal

Timeline

Phase One	Phase Two	Phase Three	Phase Four
Rehouse and separate Photographs	Rehouse Negatives	Properly house remaining materials	Create preservation photocopies of clippings

We suggest that this project be completed in four stages. The first stage, the most important stage, is to properly separate and rehouse prints. The prints are currently the most important piece of the archive, but the acidic environment in which they reside is detrimental to the images. We suggest that all images be removed from their envelopes and stored separately in smaller, archival quality boxes by accession number. Within these boxes images should be kept in archival subfolders and interleaved with buffered paper. Images that have already sustained extensive damage as well as images with materials directly glued onto them should receive their own envelopes.

The negatives should receive a similar treatment as the prints, except they should be segregated by size rather than topic. During this stage it will be important to maintain any data from the original envelopes along with the negatives since the negatives have not yet received accession numbers. Optimally this stage will be accompanied by a scanning component in order to make the negative accessible and assign them proper accession numbers.

The third phase involves housing any materials that have not yet been rehoused. This stage targets oversized items, such as albums that will require custom fit archival boxes.

Finally, in the fourth phase, acidic items will be addressed. These items (envelopes and clippings) are already breaking down chemically and will be the first group of items rendered unusable. Photocopying the materials onto archival quality paper will ensure the preservation of this information for a much longer period of time. The copies can then be stored in archival folders and boxes and the originals may be disposed of or stored separately.

Supplies

Metal Edge, Inc. – (ME)

Gaylord – (G)

*no items are larger than letter size – 9 5/8 x 11 ¾ (due to exclusion of panoramas, albums, etc.)

PRINTS/MISC

*Dependant on how the photographs will be stored

Unreinforced File Folders – (ME p.41) *File Folders – Hanging (G p.113)

Pkg. 100 x 50 = $1007.50 Pkg. 25 x 200 = $3378

($20.15 ea) 9 5/8 x 11 ¾” –1/2” Cut ($16.89 ea) 9 5/16 x 11 ¾”

Photo/Negative Envelopes – (ME p.82)

Pkg. 10 x 100 = $1060

($10.60 ea) 8 ¼ x 11 ¼” – archival polyester (clear)

NEGATIVES

Unbuffered Negative Strip Envelopes – (ME p.78)

Pkg. 100 x 4 = $89.20

($22.30 ea) 2 ½”H x 10 ½”L

Negative/Print Storage Envelopes: Buffered Envelopes – (ME p.78)

Pkg. 100 x 25 = $363.75

($14.55 ea) 4 3/8 x 5 3/8

Negative/Print Storage Boxes – (ME p.79)

15 = $109.50

($7.30 ea) 4 ½ x 5 ½ x 10 ¼” – assuming 250-300 negs. will fit in one box

Negative Strip File Boxes – (G p.171)

1 = $6.19

($6.19) 5 3/8 x 10 x 4 ½” - it states that they hold 50 envelopes with 6 film strips in sleeves

OTHER SUPPLIES

Permalife Bond Paper – (ME p.39)

Pkg. 500 x 10 = $144.50

($14.45 ea)

PEC PAD photo wipes – (ME p.91)

Pkg. 100 x 3 = $28.35

($9.45 ea)

PEC-12 Photo, Negative & Slide Cleaner – (ME p.91)

3 = $45.60

($15.20 ea) 4 oz. Bottles

White Cotton Gloves – (ME p.91)

Pkg. 12 x 10 = $219.50

($21.95 ea) medium and large gloves – 5 pkg. of each

Soft pencils, 1 box

Personnel/Labor

This treatment requires the hiring of a project archivist and 1-2 student assistants and/or volunteers to complete the project, the archivist being paid at a rate of $18.00/hour and the student workers at $9.40/hour. We estimated that the collection could be processed at a rate of 30 items per hour based on our processing speed while conducting our statistics. Based on our prior calculations of approximately 1,070 negatives and 29,400 paper items in the collection, this would mean that one full time employee and one half time employee could complete the project in approximately 18 weeks at a cost of $16,344 in labor under this scenario.

Appendix 1

Nippu Jiji Conservation Survey - Print
Number	Format		Adhesive		Biological		Physical
	Size	Type	Residue	Mounted	Mold	Insects	Fragile	Damage	Discoloration	writing	comments
JA1.001	3 1/2 x 2 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	paint applied to photo, jagged cut	yellowed, spotted	rubber stamp, pen, fingerprints	1936
JA1.002	3 1/4 x 1 3/4	BW	no	clipping glued	no	no	no	no	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen, pencil	1940
JA1.003	1 3/4 x 1 1/2	BW	no	no	no	no	no	scratched	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1940
JA1.004	1 3/4 x 1 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	no	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1940
JA1.005	3 1/4 x 2 1/2	BW	no	no	no	no	no	torn, pen on front, scratched	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1939
JA1.006	2 1/2 x 1 1/4	BW	no	clipping glued	no	no	no	ink on front and back	yellowed	pen	1940
JA1.007	5 1/2 x 3 1/2	BW postcard	no	no	no	no	no	smudging	yellowed	pen, pencil	in mylar sleeve
JA1.008	3 1/4 x 2 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	no	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1941
JA1.009	6 x 4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	creases, spots	yellowed	pen, pencil	1938
JA1.010	4 1/4 x 2	BW	no	no	no	no	no	no	barely discolored	rubber stamp, pen	1941
JA1.011	2 3/4 x 2 1/4	BW	yes	no	no	no	no	scratched	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1941
JA1.012	3 1/4 x 1 3/4	newsppr clipping	no	no	no	no	no	faded	yellowed	rubber stamp	1940
JA2.001	3 1/2 x 4 3/4	BW, process, ppr unknown, matte	no	no	no	no	no	chemical?	toned?	rubber stamp, pen	1932
JA2.002	4 x 6	BW, process, ppr unknown, matte	no	no	no	no	no	chemical?	stains, blue ink spilled on back	rubber stamp, pen, pencil	1940
JA2.003	4 1/4 x 5 3/4	BW	no	clipping glued	no	no	no	cracking edges, ink on front, scratched	yellowed	rubber stamps	1950
JA2.004	3 1/4 x 4 3/4	BW	spots	no	no	no	no	scratched	barely discolored	pen	in mylar sleeve
JA2.005	3 x 4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	smudging, cracking edges	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1940
JA2.006	4 1/2 x 7 1/2	BW	no	no	no	pitting	no	scratched, cracking edges	barely discolored	pen	[1949]
JA2.007	6 x 10	writing paper	no	clipping glued	no	no	no	no	yellowed edges	no
JA3.001	4 3/4 x 6 3/4	BW, process, ppr unknown, matte	no	no	no	no	no	scratched		rubber stamp, pen, fingerprints, pencil	1931
JA3.002	4 1/2 x 6 1/4	BW, copy from print?	no	no	no	no	no	chemical?	yellowed	pen
JA3.003	5 x 7 1/4	BW, heavy, textured paper	some	no	no	no	no	no	some discoloration	pen, pencil, smudges	1936
JA3.004	5 x 7	BW	no	no	no	no	no	paint scratched on front	yellowed	pen
JA4.001	4 3/4 x 6 1/2	BW	no	no	no	no	no	cracking edges	yellowed	pencil	1950
JA4.002	5 x 7 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	cracking, indentations from pencil on back	slightly faded	rubber stamp, pencil
JA5.001	4 x 6	BW, extremely glossy	no	no	no	no	no	scratched	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1940
JA5.002	2 1/4 x 5	BW	no	strange mend	no	no	no	film on front, ink on front	yellowed	pen	1940
JA6.001	2 3/4 x 4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	no	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1935
JA6.002	1 1/4 x 2	newsppr clipping	no	no	no	no	no	no	no	no
JA7.001	3 3/4 x 4 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	ink on front	no	pencil
JA8.001	3 x 4	BW, different heavy, textured paper, whiter	no	no	no	no	no	acid migration from newsppr clipping	no	rubber stamp, pen	1959
JA8.002	2 x 5 1/2	newsppr clipping	no	another clipping glued to it	no	no	no	no	yellowed	no
JA9.001	3 x 4 1/4	BW	yes	newspaper clipping glued to back	no	no	no	fingerprint on front	some discoloration	rubber stamp, pen	1941
JA10.001	1 1/2 x 1 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	no	yellowed, faded	rubber stamp, pen	1940
JA11.001	3 1/2 x 5	BW contact print from nitrate neg	no	no	no	no	no	pen on front, pencil indentation from writing on back		rubber stamp, pen, pencil	1931
JA12.001	4 x 5	BW	no	no	no	no	no	indentations from pen on back	faded	pen	1963
JA13.001	2 1/4 x 3 1/4	BW	some	no	no	no	no	ink masking on front, scratches	yellowed	pencil
JA14.001	5 1/4 x 6 1/2	BW	no	no	some	no	no	some ink on front	yellowed	pencil	1950
JA14.002	5 x 7	BW	no	newspaper clipping glued to back	some	no	no	cockled, cracking, tearing, ink masking	yellowed	rubber stamp	1950
JA15.001	5 x 5	BW	yes	no	no	no	no	acid migration from adhesive on envelope, indentation from pencil on back		pencil	[1961] very bad adhesive on envelope
JA16.001	3 1/2 x 5 1/2	BW postcard	yes	no	yes?	no	no	severe acid migration from contact with newsprint, indentation from object	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen
JA16.002	3 1/2 x 4 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	scratched	yellowed	pen, pencil, smudges	1936
JA16.003	5 3/4 x 7	newsppr clipping	no	no	no	no	no	no	faded	rubber stamp	1940
JA17.001	4 x 5	BW	no	no	no	no	no	acid migration from newspaper clipping	no	rubber stamp, pen, typewriter ink	1952
JA17.002	2 1/4 x 3 1/2	newsppr clipping	no	no	no	no	no	no	yellowed	rubber stamp, red pencil	1952
JA17.003	3 1/4 x 3 1/4	newsppr clipping	no	2 pieces glued together	no	no	no	no	yellowed	rubber stamp	1952
JA18.001	5 x 7	BW	some	no	no	no	no	scratched	yellowed	rubber stamp	1947
JA18.002	4 x 5	BW	no	no	yes?	no	no	acid migration from envelope, pencil on front, residue (mold?) on front	yellowed	pencil
JA18.003	2 1/4 x 3 1/4	BW	yes, front and back	no	no	no	no	tape on back	discolored	pencil
JA19.001	2 x 6	BW	no	no	no	no	no	scratched	yellowed	rubber stamps, pen, pencil	1928
JA20.001	5 1/4 x 7	BW	no	no	no	no	no	acid migration from adhesive on envelope, wrinkled	slightly faded	pencil, pen	1963
JA21.001	3 1/2 x 4 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	silvery, dent	slightly faded	rubber stamp, pen	1940
JA21.002	3 1/4 x 4 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	silvery, dent	slightly faded	rubber stamp, pen	1940
JA22.001	5 x 7 1/4	BW	no	no	yes	no	no	acid migration from envelope	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1960
JA23.001	5 x 7 1/4	older print, speia	no	no	no	no	no	silvery		rubber stamp, pencil
JA24.001	3 1/4 x 6 1/4	BW	no	newspaper clipping glued to back	no	no	no	some creasing	yellowed	pencil, newspaper ink
JA25.001	5 x 7 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	emulsion missing in spots, creased, scratched	no	pen	1949 (from envelope)
JA26.001	3 1/4 x 4 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	slightly dirty	no	pencil
JA26.002	4 x 5	BW	no	no	no	no	no	dents, scratches	no	pencil
JA27.001	2 x 3 1/4	BW	no	small piece of newsppr on back	no	no	no	silvery, fingerprint	no	pen, pencil	1948 (from envelope)
JA28.001	5 1/4 x 7 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	silvery, pencil on front, scratches, acid migration from newspaper clippings	no	pencil
JA28.002	2 x 3	BW	no	no	no	no	no	silvery, acid migration from newspaper clippings	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen, pencil	1940
JA28.003	3 1/4 x 6 1/2	BW	no	no	no	no	no	dots on back, some water damage on front, silvery, creasing	no	pen
JA28.004	2 1/4 x 3 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	impression from stamp on front, acid migration on back	yellowed	rubber stamp, pencil	1951
JA28.005	3 1/4 x 6 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	creasing, impression from pen, silvery, dirty	no	pen, pencil	1948
JA28.006	4 1/4 x 5 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	creasing, folded, foxing on back	yellowed
JA28.007	3 1/4 x 6	BW	no	no	no	no	no	some scratching, silvery	no	rubber stamp, pencil	1951
JA28.008	4 1/4 x 6	BW	no	no	no	no	no	fingerprints, scratches, ink on front, impression from pen, severe acid migration from newspaper clipping	discoloration from processing	pen
JA28.009	3 1/4 x 6 1/4	newsppr clipping	no	no	no	no	no	acidic			1941
JA29.001	2 3/4 x 3 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	impression from pen, silvery	no	pen	1950 (from envelope)
JA30.001	1 1/4 x 1 3/4	BW	no	no	yes	no	no	creasing	no	rubber stamp, pen, pencil	1955
JA30.002	4 3/4 x 6 3/4	BW	no	newspaper clipping glued to back	yes	no	no	dirty, dents	no	rubber stamp	1955
JA31.001	2 1/4 x 3 1/4	BW	yes	newspaper clipping glued to back	no	no	no	heavy creasing, dents	yellowed	pen, pencil	1948 (from envelope)
JA31.002	1 1/4 x 1 3/4	BW	no	newspaper clipping glued to back	no	no	no	silvery	yellowed	pencil	1948
JA32.001	3 1/4 x 3 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	heavily scratched, impression, silvery, ink spilled on front	yellowed	pen, pencil	1936 (from envelope)
JA33.001	2 x 3 1/4	BW	no	no	yes	no	no	no	yellowed	pen	1950
JA33.002	2 1/2 x 3 1/2	BW	no	no	yes	no	no	processing damage, acid migration from clipping in envelope, silvery, scratched	yes	rubber stamp, pen	1941
JA33.003	2 3/4 x 5 3/4	newsppr clipping	no	no	no	no	no	highly acidic	yes		1941
JA33.004	1 1/4 x 1 3/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	no	yellowed	pen, pencil	1950
JA34.001	2 3/4 x 3 3/4	BW	no	no	yes	no	no	scratched, silvery, pen on front			1930 (from envelope)
JA34.002	2 1/4 x 6	printed img on board with stamp	no	no	no	no	no	no	no	pen	1930 (from envelope)
JA35.001	1 1/2 x 2 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	dirty	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen, pencil	1940
JA35.002	2 1/4 x 6 1/4	newsppr clipping	no	no	no	no	no	highly acidic	yellowed
JA35.003	4 1/2 x 4 3/4	newsppr clipping	tape	no	no	no	no	highly acidic	yellowed	rubber stamp	1940
JA35.004	4 1/4 x 6 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	dents, pencil on front, creasing		pencil, pen
JA35.005	5 x 7 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	dents, creases, scratches		rubber stamp, pen, pencil
JA36.001	4 3/4 x 4 3/4	cut out photo mounted on board	no	yes	no	no	no	scratched, silvery	yellowed	rubber stamp, pen	1930
JA36.002	5 x 7 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	dents, creases, scratches, impression from writing		rubber stamp, pen, pencil	1959
JA36.003	2 1/2 x 4 1/4	BW	no	no	no	maybe	no	scratches		rubber stamp, pencil	1959
JA36.004	3 x 4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	rust, silvery, some scratches, dents	yellowed	pen, pencil
JA36.005	1 1/2 x 1 3/4	BW	yes	removed from an album	no	no	no	torn, silvery		pen, pencil	1939
JA36.006	2 1/4 x 3 1/4	BW	yes	no	no	no	no	silvery, whiteout, scratched		rubber stamp
JA36.007	3 1/2 x 4 1/2	BW	no	no	no	no	no	deep scratches, impression from writing on back		rubber stamp, pen, pencil	1954
JA36.008	4 x 5	BW	no	no	no	no	no		yellowed	ink, pencil
JA36.009	2 1/4 x 3 1/4	BW	no	no	no	no	no	dirty, acidic		pencil	1942
JA36.010	1 3/4 x 2	BW	yes	no	no	no	no	dirty	yellowed	pen	193-
JA36.011	5 1/4 x 8	piece of paper	no	no	no	no	no	highly acidic	yellowed	no
JA37.001	5 x 8	BW photo on piece of paper	yes	yes	no	no	no	acid migration from adhesive	yellowed	ink	1959 (from envelope)
JA38.001	4 x 5	newsppr clipping	no	no	no	no	no	acidic	yellowed	rubber stamp	1940
JA39.001	3 x 5	blue card	no	no	no	no	no	no	no	rubber stamp

Appendix 2

Nippu Jiji Conservation Survey - Negatives
Number of Negs.(pieces) In Envelope	Format		Physical
	Size	Type	Description	Date (on envelope)
3	roll	35mm Kodak Tri-X	rolled - rubber banded	N/A
5	2 1/4 x 2 1/4	Kodak Safety Film	visible finger prints	1961
2	2 1/4 x 2 1/4	Kodak Safety Film	visible finger prints, scratches, dust	1961
2	2 1/4 x 2 1/4	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1961
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, spots, emulsion peeling	1961
2	2 1/2 x 5	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1961
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1961
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, marks from clips	1961
6	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, marks from clips	1960
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	very dirty, possible mold	1961
2	2 1/2 x 5	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1961
5	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust - 2 pieces of film stuck together	1961
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1961
3	2 1/4 x 2 1/4	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, edges are black	1961
1	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1961
20	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, some film stuck to one another	1961
4	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1961
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1960
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, dents	1961
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	chemical stains, emulsion peeling	1961
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	very dirty, foreign objects stuck onto acetate side	1961
4	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, one neg. has some white spots on emulsion side	1961
1	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1961
5	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, foreign objects	1961
6	2 1/2 x 5	Kodak Safety Film	dust	1960
5	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, foreign objects on neg. and in envelope	1961
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, water spots	1961
6	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, one neg. has paper stuck to it	1960
20	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, foreign objects on neg.	1960
14	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, one neg. was wrinkled	1960
30	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, bits of paper stuck to the neg.	1960
4	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1960
4	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1960
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust	1960
19	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, one neg. has chemical stain	1960
3	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, one neg. has some adhesive that might have migrated to another leaving a mark	1960
6	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, one neg. has chemical stain, part of the emulsion is gone on one neg.	1960
7	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, white spots on neg.	1960
1	2 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, white spots on neg.	1960
27	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, one neg. has blk paper stuck to it, spots	1960
4	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, spots	1960
15	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, spots	N/A
2	2 1/2 x 5	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, spots	1960
2	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, spots	1961
1	2 1/2 x 5 3/4	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, spots	1961
2	2 1/2 x 5	Kodak Safety Film	fairly clean	1961
3	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	scratches, dust, foreign objects on neg.	1961
1	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	dust	1961
1	4 x 5 1/2	Kodak Safety Film	visible fingerprints, whitish discoloration	1961

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[1] Barbara London and others, eds., Photography, 7^th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002) , 372.

[2] Preservation of Photographs (Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company, 1979) , 3-10.

[3] NEDCC, “Care of Photographs,” Northeast Document Conservation Center Online [home page on-line]; available from http://www.nedcc.org/leaflets/phocar.htm; Internet accessed November 20,2005.

[4] Denis Ogawa, “The Nippu Jiji Photo Archive Project and the Museum Studies Volunteer Program,” LIS 619 Handout, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

[5] Ogawa.

[6] NOTE: All starred numbers are approximations.