1 The idea to look for tree "exudates" in the pasar of Manado came from Dr. Michael R. Dove who served as research advisor to the project and provided the funds with which the fieldwork was carried out.
2 Thomas Hedley Barry, Natural Varnish Resins (London: Ernest Benn, 1932); F.N. Howes, Vegetable Gums and Resins (Waltham, Mass: Chronica Botanica, 1949); Ernest J. Parry, Gums and Resins: Their Occurrence, Properties and Uses (London: Pitmann, 1920).
3 Rosemary Gianno, Semelai Culture and Resin Technology (New Haven: The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1990).
4 Karl Dieterich, Analysis of Resins, Balsams, and Gum Resins, and Their Chemistry and Pharmocognosis: For the Use of the Scientific and Technical Research Chemist (London: Scott, Greenwood, 1901), 23.
5 I.H. Burkhill, A Dictionary of the Economic products of the Malay Peninsula, 2d ed. (Kuala Lumpur: The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 1966).(London: Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1935); Museum voor Technische en Handlelsbotanie, Bogor, Java). K. Heyne, De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch Indie (Batavia:Ruygrok, 2 ed. 3 vols. 1927): D.G. Moon, "Development of Naval Stores and Pulpwood Supplied from Pinus Mercusii of Northern Sumatra" in Science and Scientists in the Netherlands Indies, eds, P. Honig and F. Verdoorn (New York: Board of the Netherland Indies, Surinam and Curacao, 1945).
6 Malesia is a plant-geographical term developed to cover the Malay Archipelago, the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, and, to a lesser extent, the Solomon Island. see M. Jacobs, "Botanical Panorama of the Malesian Archipelago (Vasular Plants)" in Natural Resources of Humid Tropical Asia (Paris: UNESCO, 1974): 263-9.
7 F.L. Dunn, Rain-Forest Collectors and Traders: A Study of Resource Utilization in Modern and Ancient Malaya, Monographs of the Malysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1975), 120-37.
8 Paul Wheatley, "Geographical Notes on Some Commodities Involved in Sung Maritime Trade," Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 32.2, 1959, 5-13; F. Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-Fan chi (New York: Paragon, 1966).
9 H.N. Ridley, "Dammar and Wood Oil," Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 34 (1900) 89-94; Walter William Skeat and C. Otto Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (London: Macmillan, 2 vols. 1906); Nicholas N. Dodge, "The Malay-Aborigine Nexus Under Malay Rule," Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 137, no. 1 (1982): 1-16.
10 Resins have been used to seal canoes and ocean-going wooden ships for centuries in many parts of the world, including Southeast Asia. See L. Basch and H. Frost, "Another Punic Wreck in Sicily: Its Ram," International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4, (1975): 201-28; Harry A. Franck, East of Siam: Ramblings in the Five Divisions of French Indo-China (New York: Century, 1926), 98; Erna Gunther, Ethnobotany of Western Washington: The Knowledge and Use of Indigenous Plants by Native Americans (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973), 17; Russell Meiggs, Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 467-71; G.H. Monod, Le Cambodgien (Paris: Larose, 1931) 54-55; Lucien de Reinach, Le Laos (Paris: A. Charles, 1901), 50; Paul Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula Before A.D. 1500 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1961), 322; John White, A Voyage to Cochin China (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1824; reprint, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1972), 56-57.
11 Lolak is located in the neighboring Bolaang Mongondow regency.
12 Burkill, Dictionary of Economic Products , 838-39, 972.
13 In Minahasa, earthenware pots made from tanah liatnclay (tana lilinnin Manado Malay/Minahasan) are produced in the village of Rembokan, located between Lake Tondano and Tomohon. In the final stages of the pot-making process damar is used to provide a waterproof coat and seal. This small production center and its traditional resin technology provides an interesting topic for future investigation.
14 Gorontalo is the name of the western-most regency in North Sulawesi. Various types of damar, in particular the resin from the conifer Agathis, are produced there,
15 Lewis R. Binford, "An Alyawara Day: Flour, Spinifex Gum, and Shifting Perspectives," Journal of Anthropological Research 40 (1984): 157-82; J.G.D. Clark, Prehistoric Europe: The Economic Basis (London: Methuen, 1952), 110; G.B. Gardner, Kris and Other Malay Weapons (Singapore: Progressive Publishing, 1936); Alfred Lucas, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries (London: E. Arnold, 1962), 12; Jens Yde, Material Culture of the Waiwai (Copenhagen: Nationalmuseets Skrifter, 1965), 78, 107.
16 Clark, Prehistoric Europe, 208.
17 Daniele Arroba, "Analisi Pollinica di una Resina Fossile Rinvenuta in un Dolia Romano," Pollen et Spores 18 (1976): 385-93; Clark, Prehistoric Europe, 276.
18 Lucas, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 27.
19 Lydia Wyckoff, "Hopi Ceramics of the Third Mesa: A Study of the Ceramic Domain" (Ph. D. diss., Yale University, 1985).
20 Warren R. DeBoer and Donald W. Lathrap, "The Making and Breaking of Shipobo Conibo Ceramics," in Ethnoarchaeology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 120; Claude Levi-Strauss, "The Nambicuara," in Handbook of South American Indians (Washington D.C.: GPO, 1948), 365; S. Linne, The Technique of South American Ceramics (Gotesborgs: Flanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1925), 148-58; Yde, Material Culture of the Waiwai, 177, 182.
21 H. D. Conklin, Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 31-32; Roy F. Ellen and I. C. Glover, "Pottery Manufacture and Trade in the Central Moluccas, Indonesia: The Modern Situation and the Historical Implications," Man 9, no. 3 (1974): 357-8; Ivor H. N. Evans, "Bajau Pottery," Sarawak Museum Journal 6 (1955): 287-300; George M. Foster, "Resin Coated Pottery in the Philippines," American Anthropologist 58 (1956): 732-33; William A. Longcare, "Kalinga Pottery: An Ethnoarchaeological Study," in Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honor of David Clarke (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 49-66; Theodore Stern, "Resin-Glazed Pottery in the Chin Hills, Burma," American Anthropologist 59, no. 4, (1957): 711-12.
22 G.B.Gardner, Kris and Other Malay Weapons, 85.
23 This method of preparation was often mentioned by those whom I had questioned in Manado. J.D. Gimlette, A Dictionary of Malayan Medicine (London: OxfordUniversity Press, 1939), 48.
24 Burkill, Dictionary of Economic Forest Products, 108-9.
25 Berthold Laufer, Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilizations in Ancient Iran (Field Museum of Natural History, Publ. 201. Anthropological Series, 15, no. 3, 1919), 480; also see O.W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967)141-42.
26 M. Grieve, A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-Lore of Herbs, Fungi, Shrubs and Trees With all their Modern Scientific Uses (New York: Dover Publications, 1959), 29.
27 This was also found in the same store which sold me the jadam.
28 The term "anak balitan" is an Indonesian acronym for children (anaki) "di bawa lima tahuni" (lit. "under five years").
29 This word is used in West Java and other areas.
30 Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce, 136-37.
32 According to the shop owner from whom I purchased it, this type of resin is treated with a chemical additive to produce a reddish tint.
33 Burkill, Dictionary of Economic Products, 2102.
34 Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce, 111-127.
35 On July 13, 1997, I conducted an interview with the head of the provincial forestry department in Teling, Manado. He provided a detailed description of the opo-opo irituals that occur in Minahasa.
36 The owner of Toko Utama is the sole supplier of kemenyannand damar mata kucingnin Manado.
37 The man who sold it to me said he got it from a friend who had brought it to Indonesia upon his return from hajn(pilgimage to Mecca).