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Life Question 2

1. Eleanor Roosevelt's quotations and biographical material are from her book The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (Harper, 1958).
2. John Welwood's point of view is elaborated in his article "Reflections on Psychotherapy, Focusing, and Meditation" (Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 1980, 12(2), 127-141).
3. The evidence concerning self-disclosure and liking is reviewed by N. L. Collins & L. C. Miller, "Self-Disclosure and Liking: A Meta-Analytic Review," Psychological Bulletin, 1994, 116(3), 457-475.
4. Sidney Jourard presents much of his work on self-disclosure in his book The Transparent Self, revised edition (D. Van Nostrand, 1971).
5. The evidence concerning the effects of disclosed and nondisclosed traumatic events is summarized by J. W. Pennebaker, "Emotion, Disclosure, and Health: An Overview," in J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, Disclosure, & Health, pp. 3-10 (American Psychological Association, 1995).
6. The effects of thought suppression are discussed by D. M. Wegner & J. D. Lane in their paper, "From Secrecy to Psychopathology," which appears in Emotion, Disclosure, & Health, pp. 25-46 (see above).
7. The function of disclosure in psychotherapy is discussed by W. B. Stiles, "Disclosure as a Speech Act: Is it Psychotherapeutic to Disclose?" In Emotion, Disclosure, & Health, pp. 71-91 (see above).
8. The relationship of disclosure and worry is discussed by T. D. Borkovec, L. Roemer, & J. Kinyon in their paper, "Disclosure and Worry: Opposite Sides of the Emotional Processing Coin," which appears in Emotion, Disclosure & Health, pp. 47-70 (see above).
9. Evidence concerning the importance of a confidant to the health of older adults is presented by M. Clark & B. Anderson, "Loneliness and Old Age," in J. Hertog, J. Audy, & Y. Cohen (Eds.), The Anatomy of Loneliness (International Universities Press, 1980); V. Gupta & C. Korte, "The Effects of a Confidant and a Peer Group on the Well-Being of Single Elders," International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 39(4), 293-402; and M. Lowenthal & C. Haven, "Interaction and Adaptation: Intimacy as a Critical Variable," American Sociological Review, 33, 20-30.
10. The evidence concerning sex differences in self-disclosure is reviewed by K. Dindia & M. Allen, "Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure: A Meta-Analysis," Psychological Bulletin, 1992, 112, 106-124.
11. The difference in disclosure between elderly males and young adult males was found in a small sample drawn from the southeast region of the United States: R. G. Parker & R. Parrott, "Patterns of Self-Disclosure Across Social Support Networks: Elderly, Middle-Aged and Young Adults," International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 1995, 41(4), 281-297.
12. Harry Browne's advice on self-support is elaborated in his book How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World (Avon, 1974).
13. The self-support statements are adapted with permission from Elaine Heiby's paper "Assessment of Frequency of Self-Reinforcement" (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983, 44, 1304-1307). Her findings concerning self-reinforcement and depression appear in her papers "Depression and the Frequency of Self-Reinforcement" (Behavior Therapy, 1981, 12, 549-555), "Depression as a Function of the Interaction of Self- and Environmental Reinforcement" (Behavior Therapy, 1983, 14, 430-433), and "Toward the Prediction of Mood Change" (Behavior Therapy, 1983, 14, 110-115).
14. Mary Francis Shura Craig discusses her relationship with herself in her essay "A Mosaic of Minutes" which is included in P. L. Berman (Ed.), The Courage to Grow Old, pp. 5-8 (Ballantine, 1989).
15. Nathaniel Branden's book, Honoring the Self, is published by Bantam (1985).
16. Betty Friedan's book, The Fountain of Age, is published by Simon & Schuster (1993).
17. John Welwood discusses teaching his clients to "be" with themselves in his article noted above.
18. The critical hurtful voice is quoted from George Bach and Laura Torbet's book, The Inner Enemy: How to Fight Fair with Yourself (Morrow, 1983).

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