last quiz notes
You need to know what the main characteristics of Gothic and Romanesque architecture.
You need to know the main characteristics between the Northern and Italian Renaissance.
Define stigmata.
What are buttresses in architecture?
What kind of art were made during the Middle ages?
Who were considered to be the Post- impressionist?
What artistic movemnet does Courbet's "The Artist Studio" belong?
Disscuss the importance of Manet's painting "Luncheon on the Grass".
Explain the "theatrical quality of Baroque art.
What movement in art was Jacques-Louis David associated with?
The Renaissance 1400-1600 B.C.E.
The word Renaissance means “rebirth,” and it refers to the revival of interest in Greek and Roman culture that is one of the key characteristics of the period. A revival of interest in the arts and sciences that had been lost since antiquity.
Renaissance in Italy - Why Italy?=
• Italy was among the first to recover economically from the Middle ages
• Merchant-princes support the arts
• The church, an important patron, was in Italy
• Humanism arose first in Italy
• Italians lived amid the ruins of ancient Rome, and thought themselves direct desendants of the earlier civilization.
Humanism-
arose first in Italy. It emphasized the study of poetry, rhetoric, grammar, history and moral philosophy. It integrated with Christianity, it sought to supplement faith by insisting on the dignity of the individual and the human potential for achievement.
The Renaissance Artist
In the Middle Ages the artist was a humble craftsman serving the god, the renaissance artist was viewed as a trained intellectual, versed in the classics and geometry. Artist became famous. Artist began to sign their works with more frequency.
The Renaissance in the North
In Flanders particularly, a merchant society flourished. They promoted artistic developments that rival Florence. They ignored the Italian’s notion of reviving classical notions.
The North was committed to rendering believable space in the greatest and realistic detail. They were committed to precision and clarity of its detail.
Religious art of the North can be harsh in its emotionalism. Grim crucifixions, gory martyrdoms of saints and dispiction of extreme physical agony were common place.
The Late Renaissance In Italy
Mannerism: comes from the Italian word “maniera” meaning ‘style” or “stylishness,” a term applied to art of the late 16th and early 17th century Europe, characterized by a dramatic use of space and light and a tendency toward elongated figures.
They are very fond of elaborate obscure subject matter
Baroque
Era in the arts that originated in Italy in the 17th century and flourished elsewhere well into the 18th century. Characterized by vivid colors, great contrast between light and dark, great interest in ornamentation, compositions are dynamic, theatrical and often full of emotion, energy and movement.
Rococo
The word Rococo is derived from French rocaille, denoting the shell-covered rockwork used to decorate artificial grottoes. It is the development and extension of the baroque style. Rococo leans more toward gentle pastels, smaller in scale and had a light hearted playful quality. Rococo style in painting was characterized by easygoing treatments of mythological and courtship themes, delicate brushwork, and sensuous coloring; notable practitioners include Antoine Watteau, Francois Boucher, and J.-H. Fragonard. Rococo style at the end of the 18c. was seen as the decadent style of the corrupt aristocracy leading the country to bankruptcy with their lifestyles.
Neoclassicism
The dominant aesthetic movement in Europe in the late 18th and early
19th century, as practiced Jacques-Louis David. In painting it is characterized by a smooth finish and a cool,
clear light. It leans toward simplicity and naturalness in composition
and color. More broadly, an aesthetic attitude favoring a return and
emulation of the art of ancient Greece and Rome.
Romanticism
An attitude that inspired many styles, in general it stressed drama,
turbulent emotions and complex composition. Romanticist believed that
emotions and imagination is more valuable than reason. They celebrated
nature, rural life, common people and exotic subject matter in art. They
wanted to assert the validity of subjective experiences.
Realism
An aesthetic that sought to depict the everyday and ordinary rather than
the heroic or the exotic. Realism
came about with the dissatisfaction with both neoclassicism and
romanticism’s attachment to mythical, exotic an historic subjects.
They promoted accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or
of contemporary life. Gustave Courbet was the first artist to proclaim
and practice the realist aesthetic; his Burial at Ornans and The Stone
Breakers (1849) shocked the public and critics with their frank
depiction of peasants and laborers.
Impressionism
The identifying feature of their work was an attempt to record the
visual reality of a landscape or a scene from modern urban life
accurately and objectively, capturing the transient effects of light on
color and texture. To this end they abandoned the traditional muted
browns, grays, and greens in favor of a lighter, more brilliant palette;
stopped using grays and blacks for shadows; and built up forms out of
discrete flecks and dabs of color. They adopted the practice of direct
observation, painting entirely out of doors. A critic described them
derisively as "impressionists," and they adopted the name as
an accurate description of their intent. Before dissolving in the late
1880s, the group had revolutionized Western painting.
Post-Impressionism
Is the evolvement of impressionism into disparate
styles. Sometimes we identified all art that were produced between
1880-90. They were deeply concerned with the formal languages of art and
its ability to capture sensory experience. They were interested in
painting as a flat surface carefully composed of shapes, lines, and
colors. An idea that became the foundation for most of the art movements
that followed.
Modernism
Modernism is a trend that began around the end of the
19th C. until around WWII, with a confidence of human
progress through rationality and technological advances. Modernism is
the arts that developed in reaction to romanticism and realism.
Rejecting conventional narrative, content, and modes of expression to
depict a world that is new and constantly in flux. As a movement it is
not coherent. It is an approach to creation that broke old rules to
express new thoughts in the spirit of experimentation and newness.
Fauvism
Style of painting that flourished in France c.
1898-1908, characterized by the use of intensely vivid color and
turbulent emotionalism. They advanced the idea that color need not be
confined to mirror the natural world.
Expressionism
Artistic style in which the artist depicts not
objective reality but the subjective emotions that objects or events
arouse. Traditionally referred to a movement in Germany (1905-1930), but
broadly applies to their use of simple direct media to express inner
emotions with the use of distortion of figures, violent colors and
shallow space.
Cubism(1901-1912)
Movement in the visual arts created by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
in Paris between 1907 and 1914. Cubism was a response to the lush
sensuality of impressionism. Colors used were muted. Focused on the
problem of representing form in space, the idea that space is visually
and conceptually ambiguous and that reality resides in the mind’s
perception of the space. They depicted volume by seeing the object
simultaneously on all sides. They painted not the objects themselves but
the spaces they engender. The
name derives from a review that described Braque's work as images
composed of cubes. The style was inspired by African sculpture and the
later paintings of Paul Cezanne. A major source of abstract art, it
emphasized the flat, two-dimensional, fragmented surface of the picture
plane, rejecting perspective, foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro
in favor of geometrical forms. Picasso's Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)
signaled the new style, which strongly influenced 20th-century sculpture
and architecture. Cubism is recognized as a turning point in Western
art.
Futurism
Early-20th-century art movement, centered in Italy, that celebrated
the dynamism, speed, and power of the machine and the vitality and
restlessness of modern life.They were exhilarated by the noise, speed,
and mechanical energy of modern life.
In 1910, Umberto Boccioni and others published a manifesto on painting. They adopted the Cubist technique of depicting several views of an object simultaneously with fragmented planes and outlines, and used rhythmic spatial repetitions of the object's outlines in transit to render movement. Their preferred subjects were speeding cars and trains, racing cyclists, and urban crowds; their palette was more vibrant than the Cubists'.
Dada
A movement in art, founded Switzerland in the early 20th c.,
which ridicule contemporary culture and conventional art. The Dadaist
shared an antimilitaristic and anti-aesthetic attitude, generated in
part by the horrors of wwI and in part by a rejection of accepted
cannons of morality and taste.
Abstract Expressionism
The arrival in the late 1930s and early 1940s of many European
avant-garde artists greatly influenced the New York painters, most
prominent among them Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline,
and Mark Rothko. The movement comprised many styles but shared several
characteristics. The works were usually abstract (i.e., they depicted
forms not found in the natural world); they emphasized freedom of
emotional expression, technique, and execution; they displayed a single
unified, undifferentiated field, network, or other image in unstructured
space; and the canvases were large, to enhance the visual effect and
project monumentality and power. The movement had a great impact on U.S.
and European art in the 1950s; it marked the shift of the creative
center of modern painting from Paris to New York.
Pop art
Art in which commonplace objects from the world of popular culture-comic
strips, soup cans, road signs, hamburgers, etc.-are used as subject
matter. Pop art was, among other things, an attempt to achieve an
objective, impersonal, and nonelitist art
Minimalism
20th-century movements in art characterized by extreme simplicity of
form, honesty in materials and rejection of emotional content.
Minimalism originated in New York in the 1950s as a form of abstract art
and became a major trend in the 1960s and '70s. The Minimalists believed
that a work of art should be entirely self-referential; personal
elements were stripped away to reveal the objective, purely visual
elements.
Color field painting
A movement that grew out of Abstract Expressionism, in which large
stained or painted areas or “fields” of color evoke aesthetic and
emotional responses.
Hard-edge
A term first used to distinguish styles of painting in which shapes are
precisely defined by sharp edges, in contrast to the usually blurred or
soft edges of color field painting.