488 READING REFERENCE LIST ?,, "Description of some scan digitization software systems," in Basic Readings in GIS, pp. 61-66. Aalders, H. J., "Software and ergonomy for scanned data.," in FIG XVIX Congress, commission 3., pp. 478-487, 1990. This paper describes in short: digitizing scanned data from a PC screen; geometric improvement of vectorised data; automatic entity attributing; and grid data base technology in large scale LIS applications. Abel, David J., "What's Special about Spatial?," Proceedings of the 7th Australiasian Database Conference, p. 10, Melbourne, Australia, 29-30 January 1996. ACSM GIMS, "Multi-Purpose Geographic Database Guidelines for Local Governments," ACSM Bulletin, no. 121, pp. 42-50, August 1989. The basic words on needing to identify what you want to do with a database before you start building it. Does get to a "checklist" level treatment of what one might want in a multi-use database, adn therin lies a problem. Use it as an example, not as a replacement for thinking through the needs in a specific case. Gives some good ideas of options that should be considered. Ahonen, P., "Query language for geo-information: a challenge in developing the joint use of geographical information," in FIG XVIX Congress, commission 3., pp. 407-416, 1990. A query language is independent of data structures and acts as an intermediate language. Present state of the query laguage development is described. ALIC Australian Land Information Council, Data custodianship/trusteeship., Issues in land information management. Paper No. 1, 1990. ALIC Australian Land Information Council, Charging for land information., Issues in land information management. Paper No. 3, 1990. Allam, M. H., "Preparing your organization for a GIS/LIS avoiding surprises when hardware/software arrives.," in GIG XVIX Congress, commission 5., pp. 513-521, 1990. The paper discusses the procedures for determining GIS/LIS user`s requirements and the need to undertake pilot projects to demonstrate the technology. The paper also addresses - 2 - requirement for developing GIS/LIS standards, the problems of data marketing, liability and rights, and the role of management in GIS/LIS implementation. Allam, M. M., E. J. Otoo, and C. K. Chaly, "Integrating corporate databases in a heterogeneous GIS Environment.," in GIS/LIS`90, vol. 2, pp. 887-945, 1990. this paper reports on the objectives, the methods to study the problem of database integration for GIS applications, and the impact of new technological development. Angeengrug, R.T., "A Critique of GIS," in Geographical Information Systems, ed. D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, D.W. Rhind, pp. 101-107, Longman Scientific/John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Antenucci, John C., Kay Brown, Peter L. Croswell, Michael J. Kevany, and Hugh Archer, Legal Issues (chapter 11 in Geographic Information Systems: A guide to the technology), pp. 237-263, circa 1989. Aronson, Peter Brian, "A Comparative Analysis of Three Polygon Overlay Algorithms," MA Thesis, Geography Department, University of Buffalo, pp. 1-74, 1982. Arrowsmith, C., A. Turk, and G. Benwell, "Implementing LIS for local government.," in Proc. of the sixteenth Australiasian Congress on urban and regional planning information systems., ed. K. Bollock, pp. 108-114, 1988. A research project is investigating how land information systems (LIS) can best be implemented and maintained at a local governmental level. This paper reviews some of the problems councils are encounterting in implementing LIS, discusses issues requiring consideration and also gives an overview of a pilot study currently under investigation. ASPRS, Orthophotography (excerpt from The Manual of Photogrammetry), pp. 775-783, ASPRS. Aumann, C., K. Eder, R. Hossler, and L. Tang, "New development in digital terrain modeling.," in FIG XVIX Congress, commission 5., pp. 533-539, 1990. Increasing demands on the terrain modeling technique require new developments for the generation, the management and the visualization of DTMs. New prospects are offered by the integration of DTMs into GIS. Austin, Robert F., "Measuring and Comparing Two-Dimensional Shapes," in Spatial Statistics and Models, ed. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, pp. 293-312 , D. Reidel, Boston, 1984. G70.3.S6 1984 - 3 - Bauer, K. W., "Key elements in a federally coordinated parcel- based management oriented land information system," in GIS/LIS`89, technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM, vol 4, pp. 249- 260, 1989. The paper outlines the key elements of a LIS, which can provide a much needed example of an efficient and effective means of meeting the growing need in the US for definitive data about land, its ownership, and its capabilities. Bellingall, L., "Trends in automatic data capture," Computer graphics world, pp. 55-66, Sep 1985. Beng, Chin Ooi, Effiecient query processing in geographic information systems, lectreu notes in computer science, Springer-Verlag, 1990. BSL 004.05 L471 471 ISBN 0387534741 Bishop, I. D., "Automated mapping of visual impacts of transmission lines.," LaLUP/LA Computer News., pp. 32-35, Spring 1990. Blakemore, M., "Cartography: progress reports.," Prog. in Human Geog., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 101-111, 1990. Boehm, B., "The Basic COCOMO Model (chap 5)," in Software engineering economics, pp. 57-96, 1981. Bohl, Marilyn, Information Processing (3rd ed.), Science Research Associates, Inc. (a subsidiary of IBM), Chicago, Palo Alto, Toronto, 1980. This is a bit dated but it does have very good sections on the basics of computing. The photos look quite out of date but the figures get the concepts across. The book has an obvious IBM mainframe outlook. Chap 1 Intro to data processing Chap 2 An Electronic data-processing system Basic concepts Stored Programs Microcode Functional Units Chap 3 Data representation Data representatin binary components binary notation Binary number system BCD EBCDIC ASCII Computer number systems and conversion dec -> bin bin -> decimal octal bin -> octal, octal -> binary hex, hex -> bin, ... , etc Chap 4 data-recording media Punch Cards Paper tape Mag tape diskettes Magnetic ink OCR microfiche, microform Chap 5 Input/output devices ... does include plotters Chap 6 Storage devices Chap 7 the CPU registers instruction counter adders machine instructions, machine cycles ... Chap 8 Computer operations floating point operations Chap 9 EDP systems Chap 10 developing a program Chap 11 programming techniques Chap 12 Programming languages Chap 13 Operating Systems Chap 14 Computer files and data bases Chap 15 Advanced systems concepts Chap 16 Data communications Chap 17 Computer security and controls - 4 - Bohl, Marilyn, Information Processing (chapter 3, Data Representation), pp. 47-65, circa 1980 . Good readable introduction to some computing fudamentals. Bolstad, Paul V., Paul Glessler, and Thomas Lillesand, "Positional uncertainty in manually digitized map data," IJGIS, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 399-412, 1990. What more can be said after Jenks and other's work in this area? What more should be said in the face of on-screen digitizing? Considerable. They had folks digitixe points from paper and mylar maps. Analysis of variance indicates that operator differences were significant. (individual differeneces usually are significant in this type of user testing) They found unsigned deviations averaging 0.054 mm. Interestingly, they do not acknowledge Jenks nor Marino for their earlier work in this area. Sloppy editors? Un-read reviewers? Bond, F., "NCAR-NCSA collaborate on greenhouse effect study," NCSA Accesses, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 3-5, 1989. Boyle, A. Raymond, "Scan Digitization of Cartographic Data," in ??? Processing Map Data ???, ed. Davis & McCullough ???, pp. 27-46, Academic Press, 1980. Bracken, I. and C. Webster, "Towards a typology of GISs," IJGIS, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 137-152, 1989. With the application domain now becoming increasingly ephemeral, there is a need to take a more systematic view of the difference between systems. It is suggested that a useful perspective to take is one that emphasizes system architecture. We suggest a framework that characterizes a GIS on the three-fold basis of the problem-processor model, database model and interface model adopted. Brassel, K., "Manipulation processes in computer cartography," in Basic Readings in GIS, pp. 5.1-5.14. Brassel, K. E. and R. Weibel, IJGIS, 2, pp. 229-234, 1988. This paper reviews the prospects of computer-assisted generalization of spatial data. It is then argued that in computer-assisted genegalization, the spatial modeling process can be simulated only by strategies based on understanding and not by a mere sequence of operational processing steps. A conceptual framework for knowledge- based generalization is then presented which can be broken down into five steps: structure recognition, process recognition, process modeling, process extention, and display. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the state of the art and an outlook on the future. - 5 - Brennan, M. W., T. J. Moore, and B. L. Spence, "Ten meter database development using landsat thematic mapper and digitized map data: preliminary results," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, pp. 165-172, 1989. Techniques are discussed which were used to create a ten meter digital database over the Glens Falls, New York area using 30 meter Landsat TM data and four digitized 1:24,000 USGS topographic maps. Relation accuracy results regarding map-based feature extention and imagery-based surface materials classification are presented. Brisson, E., "Representing geometric structures in d-dimension: topology and order.," in ?, 1989. We develop a representation for the topological structure of subdivided manifolds of dimension d>= 1 which allows straight forward access of the available order information. We introduce the 'cell-tuple structure`, a simple, uniform representation of the incidence and ordering information in a subdivided manifold. Bruegger, B. P. and A. U. Frank, "Hierarchical extensions of topological data structures.," in FIG XVIX Congress, commission 3., pp. 509-523, 1990. Humans maintain multiple mental to reason about the world. They use models appropriate to given situations in order to avoid getting lost in detail. GIS normally feature only a single representation for their reasoning process in a given domain. This paper presents multiple topological representations designed to improve reasonging efficiency of GIS. Burrough, Peter A., Methods of Data Analysis and Spatial Modelling (chap 5 in Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment), pp. 82-102 , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Burrough, Peter A., Data Quality, Errors, and Natural Variation (chap 6 in Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment), pp. 103-135, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Burrough, Peter A., Methods of Spatial Intepolation (chap 8 in Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment), pp. 103-135, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Buttenfield, B. and Kate Beard, "Graphical and geographica Components of Data Quality," in Visualization in Geographical INformaiton Systems, ed. Hearnshaw and Unwin, pp. 150-157, Wiley, 1994. - 6 - Buttenfield, B. P. and J. H. Ganter, "Visualization and GIS: what should we see? what might we miss?," in Proc. of the 4th int. symp. on the spatial data handling, vol. 1, pp. 307- 317, 1990. We suggest that GIS requirements for visualization include conceptual, technological, and evaluatory solutions, which may be seen to vary over three broad domains: analysis, illustration, and decision- making. We examine and classify graphics from the three domains and offer applications of this framework to the system designer and to the user of GIS graphics and visual tools. Buttenfield, Barbara, "Treatment of the Cartographic Line," Cartographica, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1-26, 1985. A review of a number of ways that the lines on maps have been conceptualized and represented. It treats the shift from Calkins, H. W. and R. F. Tomlinson, "Typical products of a GIS.," in in Basic Readings in GIS., pp. 1.7-1.19. Calkins, H. W., "A pragmatic approach to GIS design.," in in Basic Readings in GIS., pp. 6.3-6.13. Cameron, A. E., "Manual digitizing systems.," in in Basic Readings in GIS, pp. 3.11-3.17. Campbell, W. G., M. R. Church, G. D. Bishop, D. C. Mortenson, and S. M. Pierson, "The role for a GIS in a large environmental project.," IJGIS, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 349-362, 1989. The role of the GIS within the project includes aggregation, analysis and display of various forms, scales and projections of environmental data related to acidic deposition. The GIS is particularly valuable for effectively communicating key scientific findings and results of regional, national and international importance to a diverse audience. Carter, D. K., "The use of cartographic principles to create effective GIS graphics.," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, vol. 5, pp. 133-137, 1989. This project is part of an ongoing effect to provide USGS GIS users with the cartographic information necessary to produce an effective graphic map. New GIS graphics need not have the same apperance as past maps, but they should adhere to sound cartographic principles. Carver, S.J. and C.F. Brunsdon, "Vector to raster conversion error and feature complexity: an empirical study using simulated data," IJGIS , vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 261-270, 1994. - 7 - Cassel, R. A. and H. D. Parker, "Design and user testing of a GIS user interface.," in GIS/LIS`89, vol. 2, pp. 538-541, 1989. The object of this development is to create a GIS user interface that is easy to learn and use, reduce training costs, and make GIS technology available to casual users. Chapman, D.P., "The application of graph theory to digital map data via a system nested binary trees.," in FIG XIX int. congress, commission 3., pp. 447-455, 1990. An efficient topological data structures, based upon nested binary trees is presented. This enable complex transformation and sorting of network topologies with in an efficient and compact data representation. It is hoped that such systems may enable the dynamic maintenance of topology during graphics editing sessions. Chock, M., "The other costs of GIS.," in GIS/LIS`90, vol. 2, pp. 526-531, 1990. One of the most difficult factors in predicting GIS effects is in determing all the expresses that will be involved. These costs include hardware, software, data acquisition, site preparation, training, pilot projects, and several staff costs including new administration structures, inter- organizational cooperation. Chrisman, Nicholas R., David J. Cowen, Peter F. Fisher, Michael F. Goodchild, and David M. Mark, "Geographic Information Systems," in maybe from Geography in America ???, pp. 776- 796, AAG ???. Chrisman, Nicholas R., "The Error Component in Spatial Data," in Geographical Information Systems, ed. D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, D.W. Rhind, pp. 165-174, Longman Scientific/John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Cimon, Norman, Coe, Priscilla Kolb, and Quigley, Thomas M., "A regression technique for estimating time required to digitize maps manually," in International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, vol. 4, pp. 51-54, 1990. A regression technique is described for obtaining estimates of the manual digitizing effort required during a mapping project. This technique is then applied with good results to a set of five maps of varying dimensions and complexity. The technique was derived from experience with one geographical information system but may be applicable to others since it has its basis in the physical dimensions of the map. Cimon, N., P. K. Coe, and T. M. Quigley, "Technical note: a regression technique for estimating the time required to digitiza maps manually.," IJGIS, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 51-54, - 8 - 1990. A regression technique is described for obtaining estimates of the manual digitizing effort required during a mapping project. The technique was derived from experience with one GIS but may be applicable to others since it has its basis in physical dimensions of the map. Civco, D. L., "Knowledge-based land use and land cover mapping.," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, vol. 3, pp. 276-291, 1989. An innovative approach to idetifying land use and land cover through computer-assisted analysis of digital remote sensing data is presented. The technique is based on the subfield of artificial intelligence known as expert system , commonly refered to as knowledge-based systems. Cooke, T.D. and D.T. Campbell, Quasiexperimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Studies, Rand McNally, Chicago, 1979. Coppock, J.T. and D.W. Rhind, "The History of GIS," in Geographical Information Systems, ed. D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, D.W. Rhind, pp. 21-43, Longman Scientific/John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Coppock, Terry, "The Analogue to Digital Revolution: A View from an Unreconstructed Geographer," American Cartographer, vol. 15, pp. 263-275, 1988. GIS evolved from the need to automate the process of updating maps and the need to automate overlay analysis procedures to assist geographic enquiry. The use of manual methods to do overlay analysis was slow and unreliable. This topic is discussed in a paper by Terry Coppock, 1988: Coppock states that the development of the Canada GIS was the first GIS, and that Roger Tomlinson played a leading role in its development as Duane Marble previously stated. Couclelis, H., "Artificial intelligence in geography: conjectures on the shape of things to come.," The Professional Geograpger., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 1986. Artificial intelligence and geography are brought together within a broad context involving foundamental issues of theory, epistemology and scientific method. The little known logico-mathemathical background of AI is explored and shown to have substantial implications for modeling in general, prediction, the interpretation of theoretical structures, and our understanding of science itself. Couclelis, Helen, "Towards an Operational Typology of Geographic Entities with ill-defined boundaries," in Geographic Objects - 9 - with Indeterminate Boundaries, ed. P. Burrough and A. Frank, Taylor & Francis, London, 1996. Craig, Will J., "URISA`89 advances information systems research agenda.," URISA J., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 79-82, 1990. Crump, P. S., "Interdepartmental analysis in a GIS while maintaining departmental security.," in GIS/LIS'90, vol 1, pp. 283-289, 1990. Historically, interdepartmental geographic analysis has posed administrative security problems for municipalities. The problem in an automated environment is to allow interdepartmental access for analysis and yet prevent access for unauthorized edits of the database. Dangermond, Jack, "A classification of software components commonly used in GIS," in Basic Readings in GIS, ed. Marble & Peuquet, pp. 1.23-1.57, 1983. The purpose of the paper is to provide a general context for understanding the various software components which are commonly used in GIS. This is done by describing graphically and with narrative the actual analytic and data processing functions which are commonly performed in GIS systems. These functions are generic in nature and relate to no one system. Deman, W. H. Erik, "Establishing a GIS strategic choices.," IJGIS, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 245-261, 1988. This paper explores the environment of an envisaged GIS; the information utilization system and the wider object system. The first part explores salient aspects in the planning and design process; the second part suggests some guidance in this task. Densham, P. J. and M. F. Goodchild, "Spatial decision support systems: a research agenda.," in GIS/LIS`89, vol. 2, pp. 707-716. We draw a distinction between GIS and spatial decision support systems in term of system design, the types of problem to which each can be applied, and the decision- making processes supported. We classify the impediments to both the design and implementation of of spatial decision support system and outline a research agenda to address these problems. Dickenson, Holly J. and Hugh W. Calkins, "The economic evaluation of implementing a GIS," IJGIS, vol. 2, pp. 307-327, 1988. See also Wilcox 1990 and Dickinson and Calkins 1990. - 10 - Dickinson, Holly J., "Techniques for establishing the value of geographic information and GIS," in GIS/LIS`89, vol 2, pp. 412-420, 1989. This paper discusses the popular use of the cost-benefit analysis for economic justification. Difficulties arise when attempting to perform a cost-benefit analysis empirically, due to the problems of establishing the values of information. This paper also identifies a number of methods from ecnomic and information science literarure which may be used to empirically establish the value of geographic information and its analysis. Dickinson, Holly J. and Hugh W. Calkins, "Comment on `Concering "The economic evaluation of implementing a GIS"'," IJGIS, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 211-212, 1990. See also Wilcox 1990 and Dickinson and Calkins 1990. Dicks, S. E., "Evaluation of thematic map accuracy in a land use and cover mapping program.," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, vol 4, pp. 7-20, 1989. Presented here is a description of automated sample generation methods developed using GIS techniques, results of statistical evaluation of these sample data, and the field experiences and cost associated with the accuracy assessment of the land use/cover data. Dikau, R., "Geomorphic landform modeling based on hierarchy theory," in Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, vol. 1, pp. 230-239, 1990. Dobson, M., "Effective color display for map task performance.," in Basic Readimngs in GIS., pp. 5.15-5.18. Domaratz, M. A., C. A. Hallam, W. Z. Schmidt, and H. W. Cajkins, "USGS digital cartographic data standards: digital line graphs from 1:2,000,000-scale maps.," in Basic Readings in GIS, pp. 3.45-3.60. Downs, A. L., J. W. Doughty, and S. A. Hirsch, in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, vol. 4, pp. 112-120, 1989. The design and implementation of a Mindfield Site Prediction Expert System (MSPES) is described. This paper discusses the system architecture, the issues that arose during the design and implmentation of the prototype system, and the resolution of these issues. Drinnan, C. H., "Implementation of land records information systems using the INFORMAP system.," in ?, pp. 125-140, 1982. - 11 - Drinnan, C. H., C. G. Matteair, and S. E. LUckey, "An interactive expert editing system for nomenclature placement.," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention, vol 5, pp. 221-230, 1989. This paper descirbes an interactive system which incorperates expert system technology from the field of artifical intelligence as part of the processing schema. The system development project focused on the placement of nomenclature for aids to navigation on nautical charts. Drummond, J. and M. Bosma, "A review of low-cost scanners.," IJGIS , vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 83-95, 1989. This paper summarizes the characteristics of the scanners costing less than Dfl 20,000 (US$ 10,000). It is also desribes the completeness of scanning performed by three of these low-cost scanners and the accuracy of one. It was found that complete scanning occurs with resolution of half the minimum map line width and that maximun errors of 0.5 mm were achieved. Duecer, G. T. and J. T. Platt, "The role of Automated Data Chechs (ADCs) in the quality assurance of GIS databases.," in GIS/LIS'90, Vol 1, pp. 264-271, 1990. ADCs are subroutines that query the database to identify upload errors and information in the database that does not fit the data design. ACDs provide a reliable method of ensuring that attribute data are internally consistent, relational aspects of files are correct, related data are not contradictory, and relationships between map files and attribute files are correct. Dunn, R., A. R. Harrison, and J. C. White, "Positional accuracy adn measurement error in digital databases of land use: an empirical study," IJGIS, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 385-398, 1990. Uses a comparison of vector and raster data capture to assess positional accuracy, and to base a general discussion. Eagles, Donald Munroe, Spatial and Contextual Models in Political Research, Taylor & Francis, 1995. This book arose out of a meeting at SUNY-Buffalo in 1992 on models of political behaviour Egenhofer, Max and David Mark, "Naive Geography," in Spatial Information Theory, ed. A.U. Frank and Werner Kuhn, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 988, pp. 31-44, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995. - 12 - Egenhofer, Max J. and John R. Herring, "A Mathematical Framework for the Definition of Topological Relationships," 4th Intn. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, pp. 803-813, 23-27 July 1990. A new theory of binary topological relationships between n- dimensional spatial objects is presented. Spatial regions are modeled as point-sets and the binary topological relationships are then defined in terms of the intersections of the boundaries and interiors of two points-sets. Sixteen potential relationships are identified by considering empty and non-empty intersections. Egenhofer, Max J., "Why Not SQL!," IJGIS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 71- 85, 1992. SQL is not at all well suited to interactive spatial queries and extensions to SQL are still deficient. Egenhofer, Max J. and John R. Herring, "Categorizing Binary Topological Relationships Between Regions, Lines, and Points in Geographic Databases," manuscript, May 1992. Egenhofer, Max J. and John R. Herring, Advances in Spatial Databases: 4th International Symposium, SSD '95 Portland, ME, USA, August 6-9, 1995 Proceedings, Springer-Verlag, 1995. ISBN 3-540-60159-7 Excellent collection that should be in the library. It is No. 951 of the Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Ehlers, M., "The potential of multisensor satellite remote sensing for GIS.," in GIS/LIS`89, technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convetion, vol. 4, pp. 40-45, 1989. This paper discusses techniques for image processing and GIS integration that have proved successful for SPOT HRV, Landsat TM and SIR-B images. Examples are given for automated DEM extraction, base map production, topographic application and change detection. Epstein, E., "Access to information: legal issues.," in FIG XVIX Congress, commission 3., pp. 90-99, 1990. Law and the legal process determine the content of disclosure or confidentiality of data and information. Confidentiality is maintained through specific exceptions to disclosure provided by the records laws. Other laws protect the private commodity aspect of data and information. Exler, R. D., "On the trail of the Tiger.," Spatial system., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 18, 1990. - 13 - Fotheringham, Stewart and Peter Rogerson, Spatial Analysis and GIS, Taylor & Francis, London / Bristol, PA. UniAdel BSL 910.285 F761s ISBN 0748401032hrd or 0748401040 pbk Fotheringham, Stewart and Peter Rogerson, Spatial Analysis and GIS, Taylor & Francis, 1994. ISBN 0-7484-0104 Collected papers from an NCGIA specialists meeting examining the integration of spatial analysis and GIS. Large concurence that current GIS does not effectively integrate spatial analytic capabilities. Seems to agree that packages are less than they could or should be. Also some authors note that in practice, many companies use only the simplest capabilities and methods of analysis. Frank, A., "The National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis in the USA," in FIG XVIX Congress, Commission 3, pp. 49-63, 1990. This paper outlines some of the salient points about the process of creating NCGIA. It then describes the goal set forward by the NSF for the NCGIA and explains how the team will address them. Researchers from other groups are invited to participate in the center`s activities. The paper concludes with an invitation to other countries to form similar centers to further GIS research and applications. Frank, A., "Spatial concepts, geometric data models and data structures.," in (draft), pp. 1-17, 1990. There seems to be some incertainly in the GIS literature regarding the use of the words data model and data structure. There is a clear understanding of these notions in the database literature and we propose to define analogous terms for GIS: geometric data model and geometric data sturcture. Frank, Andrew. U. and Werner Kuhn, Spatial Information Theory: A theoretical basis for GIS (International Conference COSIT'95, Semmering Austria 21-23 September 1995), p. 568, Sreinger-Verlag, 1995. BSL 004.05 L471 988 Frank, Steven, "The National Spatial Data Infrastructure: Designing Navigational Strategies," URISA, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37-55, Spring 1994. Scenarios for cataloging and accessing the NSDI. Compare this view with where we are today. Gahegan, M., "An efficient use of quadtrees in a GIS," IJGIS, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 201-214, 1989. This paper presents a compacted version of the linear quadtrees and a spatially-referenced index method that can - 14 - signifcantly reduce the storage requirements of a set of images and the time taken to process of spatial queries. Gandy, Oscar H. Jr., The Panoptic Sort: A political economy of personal information, West View Press, 1993. Garbretch, J. and P. Starks, "Note on the Use of USGS Level 1 7.5-Minute DEM Coverages for Landscape Drainage Analysis," PERS, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 519-522, May 1995. Probably should read Mark Kumler's Cartographica article instead, but this is very short and highlights problems with doing more than DEM data can support. Gatrell, A., "On the spatial representaion and accuracy of address-based data in the United kingdom.," IJGIS, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 335-348, 1989. A major task in application of GIS is to translate from address codes to grid reference. Central Postcodes Direcotry (CPD) allows conversion of postcodes to Ordnance Survey grid references. The paper asseses the accuracy of CPD data compared with Pinpoint data, especially in terms of how the grid references in the two cases relate to the boundries of enumeration districts (EDs). Results from a small-scale study suggest that nearly 40 percent of post codes from the CPD file may be misallocated to EDs. Gatrell, A. C., "Concepts of Space and Geographical Data," in Geographical Information Systems, ed. D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, D.W. Rhind, pp. 119-134, Longman Scientific/John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Gessler, P., K. McSweeney, P. Kiefer, and L. Morrision, "Analysis of contemporary and historical soil/vegetation/landuse patterns utilizing GIS and remote sensing technologies.," in ASPRS/ACSM TECHNICAL PAPERS: GIS/LIS, vol 4, pp. 85-92, 1990. This study utilize several aspects of GIS and remote sensing technologies for analysis of soil-vegetation relationships over a 150-year period in a selected area of southwest Wisconsin. The results show a relationship between pre- settlement vegetation and soil surface characteristics, as well as significant changes due to settlement, clearing and human landuse influence. Goh, P-C., "A graphic query language for cartographic and land information systems.," IJGIS, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 245-255, 1989. A graphic query language (GQL) which enable users to retrieve information selectivity is presented in this paper. GQL is structured in SQL (structured query language) - 15 - fashion, allowing retrieval of textural and graphic information. Golledge, R. and H. Timmermans, "Applications of behavioural research on spatial problems I: Cognition.," Progress in human geography., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 57-99, 1990. Goodchild, M., "Geographical data modeling.," in ?, pp. 1-17, 1989 (?). Data modeling is defined as the process of discretizing spatial variation, but is often confused with issues of data structure, and driven by available software rather than by a concern for accurate representation. We review the alternative data models commonly available in spatial databases, and assess them from the perspective of accurate representation of geographic reality. Extensions are discussed, particularly for three dimensions and time dependence. Journal Article.]- Goodchild, M., "Modeling error in spatial databases," in GIS/LIS'90, NCGIA Technical Paper 89-1, vol. 1, pp. 154-162, 1990. The paper reviews the techniques available for modeling error in the various data models commonly used in GIS, and the relationships between them. Models are discussed for incorporating error models parameters in the database, for tracking the processes and for reporting uncertainly in system products. Goodchild, Michael F. and Andrew W. Grandfield, "Optimizing Raster Storage: An Examination of Four Alternatives," Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Automated Cartography, pp. 400-407, 10-21 Oct 1983. The paper defines a general class of problems in which the objective is to preserve as far as possible the spatial relationship present in two dimensions. Applied to a raster, the problem leads to the N or Morton ordering and a new Pi- order is proposed based on a familiar Peano curve. An algorithm is given for defining Pi-order. Gould, M. D., "Human factors research and its values to GIS users interface design," in GIS/LIS`89, vol. 2, pp. 542-550, 1989. An arguement is made here for the application of relevant human factors research to the design of the first truly spatial-oriented user interface, optimized to real world geographic problems and the manner in which users perceive them. Issuses in human-computer interaction are reviewed. Gould, Michael D. and Matthew McGranaghan, "Metaphor in Geographic Information Systems," 4th Intn. Symp. on Spatial - 16 - Data Handling, pp. 433-442, 23-27 July 1990. Definitions of metaphor are reviewed to provide insight on its value in a GIS. The role of nesting various levels of metaphor is suggested, the goal of which is to satisfy the system administration, geographic analysis, and cartographic display aspects of GIS. Griffith, D. A., "Distance calculations and errors in geographic databases (Chapter 7)," in ?, ?. Grossmann, W. D. and J. Schaller, "Connecting dynamic feedback models with GIS," in Proc. of the 4th int. symp. on spatial data handing, vol. 1, pp. 501-511, 1990. A method was developed and successfully applied, in several research and management projects by using a combination of three different layers for dealing with systems; it combines a strategic layer with a layer of dynamicx and a layer of details. GIS are used on the layer of details. This combination of method allows translation of dynamics into a time series of geographic maps and control of model dynamics by strategies. Journal Article.]- Gurd, F. B., "Define your organization`s competitive strategy: decide which information to share and how to share it.," in GIS/LIS`90, USGS open-file report 88-105., vol. 2, pp. 776- 771, 1990. This paper reviews current business theories that suggest approaches to develop or assess competitive strategies, to evaluate the importance and function of the organization`s internal data with respect to these strategies, and to develop a balanced data sharing policy. Journal Article.]- Journal Article.]- Heuvelink, G., P. A. Burrough, and A. Stein, "Propagation of errors in spatial modeling with GIS.," IJGIS, vol. 3 , no. 4, pp. 303-322, 1989. This paper demonstrates how the standard stochastic theory of error propagation can be extended and applied to continnously differentiable arithmetic operation (quantitative models) for manipulating gridded map data. The statistical methods have been programmed using the Taylor series expanism to approximate the models. The methods are illustrated by two case studies. Heuvelink, Gerard B. M. , "Identification of field attribute error unter different models of spatial variation," IJGIS, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 921-935. Considers attribute error in the face of mixtures of both continuously varying regionalized variables and variables - 17 - with discrete boundaries. Heuvelink, Gerard B. M. and Peter A. Burrough, "Error propogation in cartographic modelling using Boolean logic and continuous classification," IJGIS, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 231-246, 1993. Interesting study. I have not figured out whether the decision that modeling based on continuous data is better derives from better approximation of the initial data (probably) but then if so, it is not wonder that the greater error in coarser input classifications would result in greater errors in processing results. Read this and think about it. Heuvelink, Gerard B. M., Error Propagation in Quantitative Spatial Modelling: applicaitons in geographical information systems, Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Amsterdam/Utrecht, 1993. UniAdel BSL 910.285 H595e ISBN 906809176X Hodgson, Michael, "What Cell Size Does the Computed Slope/Aspect Angle Represent?," PERS, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 513-517, May 1995. Calculating local terrain parameters on a set of cells gives information that describe areas somewhat larger than the cells. (Which stands to reason given that these are local, not point, computations.) Hudson, D., "Some comments on data quality in a GIS.," in Technical papers, ACSM/ASPRS annual convension, vol. 2, pp. 203-211, 1988. By its design, structure, and mode of operation, a GIS may itself contribute to the degration of the data it handles. Therefore, in order to provide a user with a realistic measure of the reliability of the output from a GIS, all data, at every stage of passage through the system, must be associated to some quality value. Hunter, Gary J. and Michael F. Goodchild, "Dealing with Error in Spatial Databases: A Simple Case Study," PERS, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 529-537, May 1995. Explains three approaches to handling error in spatial databases. Huxhold, William E. and Allan G. Levinsohn, Managing Geographic INformation Systems Projects, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. ISBN 0195078691 LC G70.2.H89 DD 910.285 -dc20 Journal Article.AP The integrative framwork of IDEAS falls along several dimensions: 1). analysis and modeling integration; 2) analysis tools integrations; and 3) data integration. - 18 - Jacobs, Harvey M., "Implementing local multipurpose land information systems: Political-economic research issues.," Comput. Environ. and Urban Systems., vol. 13, pp. 3-13, 1989. This paper explores the relationship between multipurpose LIS and the acquisition, distribution and use of political power in the U.S. local governments. It is argued that local governments will be the primary adopters and users of these systems. The need to conduct specific political and institutional research in LIS, and to begin conceptualizing and testing a democratic theory of their adoption is stressed. Jadkowski, M. and M. Ehlers, "GIS analysis of SPOT image data," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, vol. 4, pp. 65-74, 1989. SPOT data, combined with image processing and GIS technology,prove to be a valuable tool for timely and accurate analysis of regional urban and suburban development. It can be shown that merged SOPT multispectral and panchromatic data can be effectively used in a GIS at scales of 1:24,000 and smaller. Jankowski, Piotr and Craig ZumBrunnen, "A model management approach to modeling and simulation of natural systems.," in Proc. of the 4th Int. symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Vol.1, pp. 531-541, 1990. This paper describes a prototype of a model management system that could potentially serve a spatial decision support system. The design, functionality, and implementation of the prototype for the domain of stream water quality modeling are discussed. Jarvis, Richard S., "Topology of Tree-Like Networks," in Spatial Statistics and Models, ed. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, pp. 271-291, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Boston, 1984. Haml. G70.3.S6 1984 contains a good graphic of Warntz's surface specific lines/points, and a description of topological properties of stream networks. Also does topological ridge networks. Jeffress, Gary A. and Harlan J. Onsrud, "Does LIS/GIS have a role in economic growth?," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, Vol.4, pp. 285-292, 1989. This paper looks at the concept of economic growth and the problems of understanding and quantifying the benefits of LIS/GIS information. The benefit/costs of this information is discussed along with the concept of how LIS/GIS information problems contribute to economic growth. - 19 - Jenks, George F., "Lines, Computers, and Human Frailties.," Annals of the AAG, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 1981. Geographers and cartographers, in the rush to implement computer cartographic systems, have tended to overlook problems of human errors. Psycological, psysiological, and logical errors seriously affect representations of naturally occuring lines such as rivers and coasts. Attempts must be made to understand and eliminate or reduce such errors because the man-machine interface will continue in the foreseeable future. GFJ d Sunday 29 Dec 1996 Jensen, J. R., "The Interface of Remote Sensing and GIS.," in Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective., ed. Arthur Hamparian, pp. 254-271, Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632, 1986. ISBN 0-13- 500828-X 025 Johnson, Timothy R., "Evauation and improvement of the GIS design model.," in unpublished PhD thesis , pp. 1-123, 1981. Johnston, Carol A., "Ecological research applications of geographic information systems," in Proc. of GIS/LIS`89, Vol.2, pp. 569-577, 1989. Although the importance of GIS in natural resource management has been acknowledged, the potential of GIS as an ecological research tool has just begun to be explored. The establishment of a major GIS facility at the University of Minnesota in Duluth has facilitated multi-investigator, interagency research on the application of GIS to ecological research. Joy, Richard T. and Douglas R. Caldwell, "Production alternatives for digital raster map data.," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM annual convention, pp. 177-183, 1989. This paper describes the desired charcateristics of raster map and images from a U.S. army perspective. It then examines the advantages and disadvantages of three approaches for creating digital raster map image. 1)Scanning the paper maps, 2)scanning the color composites used to create the printing plates for paper maps, and 3) scanning the paper maps and color quantizing the data to create pseduo-color composites. Kairam, Raj, "Software design for display and analysis of integrated spatial and non-spatial data," in Proc. of GIS/LIS'89, Vol.2, pp. 761-770, 1989. Micro-computer based GIS are now providigng the functionality that was previously possible on the larger machines. However, these systems tend to be rather complex and, for certain categories of users, are not cost - 20 - effective. This paper presents a description of the planning and design of various components that constitute the development of such a system user can benefit from. Kendall, R., "Mapping Software: Analyzing a World of Data," PC Magazine, pp. 249-299, July 1991. This article reviews Atlas*GIS, GisPlus, and MapInfo for Windows, all priced under $3,000. Kim, Eun-hyung, "Are expert systems really helpful for landscape planning?," LaLUP/LA Computer News, pp. 13-14, Spring 1990. Knapp, Wim G. M. Van Der, "The Vector to Raster Conversion: (mis)use in geographical information systems," IJGIS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 159-170, 1992. Comapares the raster to vector operation in eight different GISs, and finds that they produce different results given the same input. Some standardization may be in order. Kolbl, O., R. Hersch, S. Lutz, B. Chardonnens, and P. Gillieron, "Automatic derivation of a digital terrain model.," in FIG XVIX Congress, Commission 5., pp. 101-116, 1990. The Institute of Photogrammetry has developed a largely operational program system for the automatic derivation of a DTM from aerial photographs. This article gives an overview of the image matching techniques, the procedures for data smoothing and data filtering and the post-treatment as well as a detailed analtsis of the possible precision of the method. Lai, Poh-chin, "The merit of a GIS should be evaluated on the basis of performance and value, both of which are subject to change over time," ACSM Bulletin, pp. 51-52, Aug 1989. Landauer, Thomas K., "Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction," in The Handbook of HCI, ed. Martin Helander, pp. 905-928, Elsevier, 1988. A good overview of why and how several methods are used in measuring human performance. Langran, Gail, "A review of temporal database research and its use in GIS applications," IJGIS, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 215-232, 1989. This paper reviews temporal research in information processing, contrasts various proposed temporal database designs, and summarizes the problems of adapting it to GIS requirements. - 21 - Lanter, David P. and Howard Veregin, "A lineage meta-database program for propagating error in GIS.," in Proc. of GIS/LIS`90, Vol. 1, pp. 144-153, 1990. This paper presents a research paradigm for exploring the formulation of source accuracy indices and functions to propagate such indices to document the quality of derived GIS data products. Larson, Eric, The Naked Consumer, Henry Holt & CO., New York, 1992. HF5415.2.L36 The story of geodemographics. Pages 38-~45 talk about Don Cooke and about Jonathan Robbin. Robbin founded General Analytics Corp in the 1960s. Using the 1960 census and data from 29 other agencies, he built a portrait of 3,134 US counties. This socio-demographic snapshot was used in the War on Poverty. The same (or similar) data were used to predict possible riots after the 1968 riots through an "Index of Susceptibility to Civil Disorder". He attended graduate school at Columbia and NYU where he worked on large multivariate statistical analyses and cluster analysis. Eventually, Robbin went on to form Claritas Corp. Along the way he was a contractor for IBM, Pepsi, Lever Brothers, Ford, Merck, Warner-Lambert, and a slew of advertizers. He used GIS (or GIS-like) capabilities to predict expansion routes/need for Southern California Gas. Leahy, F., A. G. Turk, W. Hazelton, and I. P. Williamson, "Proposals for utilization of GIS technology by the Murray- Darligng Basin Commission," in (Consultance report)(part), pp. 1-23, 79-90, April 1989. Lee, Y. C., "Comparison of planimetric and height accuracy of digital maps.," Surveying and Mapping, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 333-340, 1985. Legates, David R. and Cort J. Willmott, "Interpolation of Point Values from Isoline Maps," The American Cartographer, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 308-323. Describes and compares several methods for estimating point values (as on a grid) from isoline maps, whether the maps handle the world as spherical or as a plane. Lepper, Marion J.C. de, Henk Schulten, and Richard M. Stern, The Added Value of Geographical Information in Public and Environmental Health, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995. ISBN 0-7923-1887-0 Levine, J. and J. D. Landis, "Geographic Information Systems for local planning," Journal of the American Planning Association, pp. 209-220, Spring 1989. - 22 - This paper reviews and compares Atlas Graphics, LandTrak, MapInfo and PC Arc/Info. Lillesand, Thomas M., Mark D. Mackenzie, John R. Vande Castle, and John J. Magnuson, "Incorporating remote sensing and GIS technology in long-term and large-scale ecological research.," in Proc. of GIS/LIS`89, pp. 228-242, 1989. The Long-Term Ecological Research(LTER) program currently includes a network of 17 ecological diverse sites located throughout the U.S. This paper describes this process for one LTER site, the North Temperate Lakes(NTL) site. Research at the site is aimed at improving the understanding of the long-term trends and patterns in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of lake ecosystems. Lindenberg, Richard E., "The use of student subjects in psychophysical tests of map symbols.," in Technical Papers, ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Vol.2, pp. 76-82, 1988. Psychophysical experiments have long been used in the evaluation of the communication effectiveness of map symbols. This study investigates the appropriateness of the use of students as subjects in psychophysical experiments concerning the design of maps for a wider audience. This paper reports the results of this experiments and the implications for subject selection in cartographic research. Little, Anthony R., "An evaluation of selected computer assisted line simplification algorithms in the context of map accuracy standards.," in Technical Papers, SASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention, pp. 122-132, 1989. This research is the first effort to evaluate algorithm performance against a standard. Three hypotheses have been proposed and tested. The findings are of importance to people involved in the computer-assisted production of maps that are capable of meeting map accuracy standards. Logan, T., D. Urban, J. Adams, and S. Yaksich, "Erosion control potential with conservation tillage in the Lake Erie Basin: Estimates using the universal soil loss equation and the Land Resources Information Systems(LRIS).," Unknown (Reprinted from J. of Soil and Water Coservation,37(1),50- 55), pp. 194-199, 1982. The universal soil loss equation (USLE) was used with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Land resources Information Systems(LRIS) to estimate soil loss in the U.S. portion of the Lake Erie drainage basin. Annual soil loss averaged 2.2 tons per acre (4.9 metric tons/hectare) in the basin. - 23 - Logan, T. J., D. R. Urban, J. R. Adams, and S. M. Yaksich, "Erosion control potential with conservation tillage in the Lake Erie Basin: Estimates using the universal soil loss equation and the Land Resources Information Systems (LRIS).," J. of Soil and Water Conservation, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 50-55. The universal soil loss equation (USLE) was used with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Land resources Information Systems(LRIS) to estimate soil loss in the U.S. portion of the Lake Erie drainage basin. Annual soil loss averaged 2.2 tons per acre (4.9 metric tons/hectare) in the basin. Lowe, John C. and S. Moryadas, Transportation Networks (chapter 5 in The Geography of Movement), pp. 78-109, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1975. Good overview of how geographers have conceptualized and quantified networks and connectivity. Lowe, John C. and S. Moryadas, Efficiency of Routes and Flows (chapter 12 in The Geography of Movement), pp. 78-109, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1975. How geographers have measured routes and flows in networks. Lowe, John C. and S. Moryadas, Efficiency of Routes and Flows (chapter 12 in The Geography of Movement), pp. 269-285, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1975. How geographers have measured routes and flows in networks. Lyon, David, The Electronic Eye: The rise of the surveillance society, Univ of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis MN 55455-3092, 1994. ISBN 0-8166-25158 pbk TK7882.E2L96 1994 MacEachren, Alan M., "A spatial and topical assessment of digital geographic database activities.," The Professional Geographer , vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 397-405, AAG, 1986. Characteristics of digital geographic databases throughout the U.S. are examined using data from a nationwide survey of potential data users/products. Emphasis is on categories of data, differences in data at various scales and among organization types, and the spatial distribution of databases and data categories. Categories examined include boundaries, locational identifiers, property/valuation, utilities/communication, transportation, socioeconomic, physical environment, and natural resources utilization. Maguire, D.J., "An Overview and Definition of GIS," in Geographical Information Systems, ed. D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, D.W. Rhind, pp. 8-20, Longman Scientific/John Wiley & Sons, 1991. - 24 - Maguire, D.J. and J. Dangermond, "The Functionality of GIS," in Geographical Information Systems, ed. D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, D.W. Rhind, pp. 319-335, Longman Scientific/John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Maguire, D.J., M.F. Goodchild, and D.W. Rhind, Geographical Information Systems, Longman Scientific/John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Maling, D.H., "Coordinate Systems and Map Projections for GIS," in Geographical Information Systems, ed. D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, D.W. Rhind, pp. 135-146, Longman Scientific/John Wiley & Sons, 1991. Maling, D. H., Coordinate Systems and Map Projections, second edition, Pergamon Press,, 1992. ISBN 0-08-037033-3 paperback basic discussion of map projections and technical cartography Marble, Duane F., Jean P. Lauzon, and Matthew McGranaghan, "Development of a Conceptual Model of the Manual Digitizing Process.," in Basic Readings in GIS., pp. 3.19-3.33. Mark, David M., "Cognitive image-schemata for geographic information: relations to user views and GIS interfaces.," in Proc. of GIS/LIS`89 Vol.2, pp. 551-560, 1989 . This paper contends that optional user interfaces for GIS will be based on image-schemata for geographic and other spatial phenomena. The concept of users and interfaces is important in system design, especially for systems to be used by people from different disciplines, cultures, and languages. Marshall, Elizabeth J., John A. Segerson, and David R. Siburg, "Inter-agency water database coordination case study kitsap county public utility districts's data management system.," in Proc. GIS/LIS`90 Vol.1, pp. 459-466, 1990. This paper will present an overview of why a county-based system was established, what mechanisms are in place to maintain verticle integration among agencies, and how funding sources are being used to maintain the database system. It will illustrate the critical role a county-based data management system play in facilitating data flow and maintaining standards between water purveyors, and the state and federal water GIS systems. Martin, James, Computer Data-Base Organization (2nd ed), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1977. QA76.9.D3M36 ISBN 0-13-165423-3 - 25 - An ok introduction to the ideas behind computer database organization and operation. It is getting slightly dated and the part that I use in class could be supplanted by the introductory section of the dBase IV manual. Martin, James, Computer Data-Base Organization (2nd ed), pp. 1-123 (esp 2-80), Prentice Hall, 1979. Getting a bit dated, but still a good overview. It should be broken into parts that fit lecture topics, but we'll end up covering this content in only about two hours. Figures on pages 26-27, 40, 65, 70 are very useful concepts. Chap 1: Introduction P 2-7 Chap 2: Basic Terminology P 8-17 Chap 3: What is a Data Base? P 22-33 (good stuff here) Chap 4: What should be the objectives of a Data-base organization? P 34-47 Chap 5: Entities and Attributes P 48-59 Chap 6: Data Models: Schemas and Subschemas P 60-(good stuff here) Chap 7: Data-Base Management Systems P 82-95 Chap 8: Tree Structures P 96-109 Chap 9: Plex Structures P 110-123 Marx, Robert, Gerard Wang, and John Frazier, Tiger Tales, US Bureau of the Census, 1985. This "comic book classic" gives an overview of how the Census Bureau built and intended to use the TIGER data in support of the 1990 census of population. Masser, Ian, "The regional research laboratory initiative: A progress report," IJGIS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 11-22, 1988. This paper outlines the origins and objects of the four multi- disciplinary Regional Research Laboratories(RRLs) established in the first 6 months of the trial phase. The RRLs will have four main functions, viz, data management, software development, spatial analysis, and research training. The trial phase of this initiative is then evaluated in terms of its laboratory, research and regional dimensions. Masser, Ian, "GIS in Britain:The regional research laboratory initiative.," in Proc. GIS/LIS`90 Vol.2 , pp. 626-635, 1990. This paper reviews the work of the regional research initiative in the context of national developments in GIS in Britain. Massey, Jack, John Poliness, and Andrew Turk, "Towards the production of tactual choropleth maps and tactual graphics and diagrams.," Unknown, pp. 19-29. The purpose of this paper is to describe the technical aspects of what we have done and to discuss what we feel mey be an efficient means of producing tactual graphics. This - 26 - will be treated in three sections: census data and choropleth maps on microfiche, tactual choropleth maps of census data, and tactual graphics through computer- aided- design and the use of heat-sensitive materials. This paper is concluded by a discussion of the need for tactual map graphics by blind persons. McMaster, Robert B. and Mark Monmonier, "A conceptual framework for quantitative and qualitative raster-mode generization.," in Proc. GIS/LIS`89 Vol.2, pp. 390-403, 1989. With a focus on the visual effects of generization, this paper identifies fundamental operators and both reviews and evaluates the variety of techniques used for generalizing raster-mode images. Additionally, it presents a conceptual framework for raster-mode generalization, which can guide the development of a generalization subsystem useful in GIS applications. McRae, Stephen D., "GIS design and the questions users should be asking," in Proc. GIS/LIS`89 Vol.2, pp. 528-537, 1989. Many GIS users seriously underestimate the complexity of implementing a GIS. I wish to alert this group to potential problems and arm them with spacific questions to which they should receive anwsers. Additionally, I wish to lay out a systematic way of looking both at GIS as a system per se and at the GIS design process in order to provide conceptual aids which may help in dealing with that complexity. Middleditch, Stacey and Tor Middleditch, "Intersection Algorithms for Lines and Circles," ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 25-40, Jan. 1989. A unified representation for points, lines, and circles is used so that intersection algorithms work with degenerate geometry (eg., points as circles with zero radius, and lines as circles with infinite radius). Miller, Allen H., "The Wisconsin land information association: a professional organization for State-wide GIS coordination.," URISA J., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 54-57, Spring 1990. Milne, Peter, Scott Milton, and John L. Smith, "Geographical object-oriented databases --- a case study," IJGIS, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 39-55, 1993. They used the ONTOS object oriented dbms to store data from Australian Spatial Data Transfer model. Moellering, H., Spatial Database Transfer Standards: Current International Status, Elsevier Science, New York, 1991. ISBN 185166677 - 27 - Moellering, Harold, "Real Maps, Virtual Maps and Interactive Cartography," in Spatial Statistics and Models, ed. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, pp. 109-132, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Boston, 1984. This is a good presentation of Hal's real and virtual map idea, and ties it into ideas about dynamic maps. Moellering, Harold, "Understanding modern cartography using the concepts of real and virtual maps.," in 13th Int. Congress of ICA., pp. 41-52, 1987. A new model of cartography and cartographic work is proposed here that is based on transformations between various states of real and virtual maps. Monmonier, Mark, "Graphic scripts for the sequenced visualization of geographic data," in Proceedings of GIS/LIS'89, Vol 2, pp. 381-389, 1989. This paper describes the concept of the graphic script and examines the role of graphic scripts in both cartographic animation and the interactive exploratory analysis of geographic data. It also suggests strategies for the automated generation of graphic scripts. Monmonier, Mark, "Strategies for the interactive explanation of geographic correlation.," in Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on Spatial data handling, Vol.1, pp. 512-519, 1990. Because of the difficulty of quantifying `geographic meaningfulness`, geographic correlation is a concept perhaps more suited to visualization and interactive explanation than to purely numerical analysis. A visualization support can use these measures to assure that potentially interesting relationships are highlighted early in the analysis or not overlooked. Other graphical and statistical methods for dealing efficiently with massive geographic databases include canonical trend- surface analysis, biplots, geographic brushing, and graphic scripts and graphic phrases. Montello, Dan R., "The Geometry of Environmental Knowledge," in Theory and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in geographic space, Letrure Notes in Computer Science 639, pp. 136-152, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992. Morieux, Yves and Ewan Sutherland, "The interactive between the use of information technology and organizational culture.," Behaviour and information technology., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 205-213, 1989. The interaction between the use of information technology (IT) in organization and that organization`s culture is - 28 - examined. The interaction is considered from the early stages of spacification to the regular use of the systems. The changes in the technological artifacts which results from the use of IT are classified. Some suggestions about control of the interaction are made. Muller, J. C., "Rule-Based Generalization: Potentials and Impediments.," in Proc. of 4th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling vol.1, pp. 317-334, 1990. NCDCDS National Committee for Digital Cartographic Data Standards, "Digital Cartographic Data Quality," Draft Standard Report #8, January 1987. the draft of what became the basis for the US basic data quality standar which became part of FIPS 173. It is probably better to read the current standard, but this is short, has most of the same notions, and is interesting for revealing the subtle changes between the draft and the standard five years later. NCDCDS National Committee for Digital Cartographic Data Standards, "Definitions and References," The American Cartographer, vol. 15, no. 1, January 1988. the draft of what became the basis for the US basic data infrastructure. Niemann, Bernard J., "USGS National Mapping Division: preparing for the 21th century - reflections upon this revolutionary prospect," in Proc. GIS/LIS`90 vol.2, pp. 882-885, 1990. Journal Article.AP Trilogy is a software package incorporating three models to predict the course of vegetation change when it is subject to disturbances such as repeated fire, cyclones or flooding. Norman, Don, "Why Interfaces Don't Work," in The Art of Human- Computer Interface Design, ed. Brenda Laurel, pp. 209-219, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990. Nugent, Jeffery L., "Quality Control Techniques for a GIS Database Development Project," PERS, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 523-527, may 1995. Nyerges, Timothy, D. M. Mark, R. Laurini, and M. J. Egenhofer, Cognitive Aspects of Human-computer interaction for Geographical Information Systems, NATO ASI series series D, Behavioural and social sciences vol 83, Kluwer, Boston, 199x. BSL 910.285 N994c ISBN 0792335953 Nyerges, Timothy L., "Schema integration analysis for the development of GIS databases.," IJGIS, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 153-183, 1989. - 29 - Schema integration analysis is a stage in a process of information integration undertaken to idemtify and reconcile differences and similarities between data descriptions. Both the structural and semantic descriptions in a schema need to be processed to identify equivalent concepts. An example of schema integration analysis is described in the context of a database of urbanland parcels. Obermeyer, Nancy J., "Buearucratic factors in the adoption of GIS by public organization: prelimilary evidence from generalists and planners.," unknown, pp. 1-30. This paper focuses on the decision by a public organization to adopt a GIS and takes the position that the bureaucratic nature of public agencies influences adoption of any innovation. Obermeyer, Nancy J., "A systematic approach to the taxonomy of geographic information use.," in Proc. GIS/LIS`89 Vol.2, pp. 421-429, 1989. This paper presents an effort to lay a groundwork for the development of a taxonomy of the use of geographic information. Beginning with a discussion of some of the pitfalls of taxonomy development, I propose a framework for the taxonomy of geographic information use. Finally, I suggest an interactive process that would seek the input of geographic information experts and survey users of geographic information to achieve consensus on an appropriate taxonomy of the use of geographic information. Olivier, Jan J., Peter H. Greenwood, and David R. McPherson, "Selecting a GIS ," in Technical Papers, ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention, Vol. 4, pp. 102-110, 1989. This paper discusses the selection of a GIS for a national water management authority, from a pilot study through the formulate of technical specification and benchmarking, to the procedure for final evaluation. Onsrud, Harlan J., "Understanding the uses and assessing the value of geographic information," in Proc. GIS/LIS`89 Vol.2 , pp. 404-411, 1989. This article describes a process for identifying and addressing critical use and value research issues. The process was derived from discussions which took place at a specialist meeting hosted by the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. Also described are two initial research thrusts currently being carried out utilizing the process. Oosterom, Petrus Johannes Maria Van, Reactive Data Structures for Geographic Information Systems, Oxford University Press, New - 30 - York, 1993. isbn 0-190823320-5 BSL: 910.285 O59r This monograph is a reworked PhD dissertation which examines limitations of current data models and proposes a persistent object model. Reactive data structures are geometric data structures with detail levels, intended to support interactive GIS use. Oosterom, Petrus Johannes Maria van, Reactive Data Structures for Geographic Infromation Systems, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993. BSL 910.285 O59r ISBN 0198233205 Ormeling, Ferjan, "Brian Harley's INfluence on Modern Cartography," Cartographica, pp. 62-65, 1992?. Osborne, Sarah and Michael Stoogenke, "Integration of a temporal element into a natural resource decision support system.," in Proc. of GIS/LIS `89 Vol.2, pp. 221-227, 1989. This paper discusses the integration of a forest growth model with a GIS, and the subsequent use of the temporal dimension within this decision support system. The final product is a fully automated system that a forest manager can use as a management tool to determine the profitability of a forest stand at any point in the future, as well as to test the sensitivity of harvest profitability to changing decision criteria. Pascoe, P. T. and J. P. Penny, "Constrution of interfaces for the exchange of geographic data.," IJGIS, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 147-156, 1990. Construction is described of a mode interface that uses a related database management system and compiler -building tools that work from a machine- readable definition of a data format. Three interfacing strategies are examined. The principal conclusion is that achieving a widely accepted method of defining geographic data formats should be an important objective of efforts at standardization. Peucker, Thomas K, Robert J. Fowler, James J. Little, and David M. Mark, "The Triangulated Irregular Network," unknown meeting, pp. 516-540, 1978. Peucker, Thomas K. and Nicholas Chrisman, "Cartographic Data Structures," The American Cartographer, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 55-69 , 1975. Most current data banks are characterized by 1) structures which are convenient at the inptut stage rather than at the stages of use within computer programs. 2) Separate and uncoordinated files for different types of geographic features. 3) A lack of information about neighboring entities. Ongoing research on data structures had led to - 31 - work on the GEOGRAF system for encoding planner data and the GDS (Geographic Data Structure) for encoding B-D surfaces. Peucker, Thomas K., "Data Structures for Digital Terrain Modules: Discussion and Comparison," First Internat. Advanced Study Symposium on Topological Data Structures for Geographic Information Systems - volume 5 -- Data Structures: Surficial and Multi-Dimensional, pp. 1-15, 1978. Peucker, Thomas K., Robert J. Fowler, James J. Little, and David M. Mark, "The Triangular Irregular Network.," in Proc. of Int. Symp. on Cartography and Computing (AUTO-CARTO IV) Vol.2, ed. Robert T. Aangeenbrug, pp. 96-103, 1979. Peuker, Thomas K., "A Theory of the cartographic Line," International Yearbook of Cartography, vol. 16, pp. 134-43, 1976. Peuquet, D., "It's about time: A conceptual framework for the representation of spatiotemporal dynamics in geographic information systems," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 84, pp. 441-461, 1994. Peuquet, D. and E. Wentz, "An approach for time-based analysis of spatiotemporal data," Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Edinburgh., 1994. Peuquet, D. and N. Duan, "An event-based spatiotemporal data model (ESTDM) for temporal analysis of geographical data," International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, vol. 9, pp. 7-24, 1995. Peuquet, Donna J. and A. Raymand Boyle, "Interactions between the cartographic document and the digitizing process.," in Basic Readings in GIS, ed. Peuquet & Marble, pp. 3.35-3.43. Peuquet, Donna J., "Representations of geographic space: towards a conceptual synthesis," Annals of AAG, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 375-394, AAG, 1988. Representational theories for spatial and non-spatial phenomena developed within other fields, particularly cognitive and perceptual pcychology, computer vision and database management systems, are examined within the context of the geographic literature. Peuquet, Donna J., "It's About Time: A conceptual Framework for the Representation of Temporal Dynamics in Geographic Information Systems," AAAG, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 441-461, 1994. Pierce, B., "Gridapple: A microcomputer GIS.," in (reprint of) Basic Readings in GIS, pp. 4.9-4.20. - 32 - Gridapple, a geographic data processing package customized for the Apple II microcomputer, is a low-cost alternative which retains all the essential features of larger systems. This paper discribes the history and design of Gridapple. Pierce, Benjamin C., "Gridapple: A microcomputer GIS.," in Basic Readings in GIS, ed. Donna J. Peuquet, D. F. Marble, and H. Calkins, pp. 4.9-4.20. Gridapple, a geographic data processing package customized for the Apple II microcomputer, is a low-cost alternative which retains all the essential features of larger systems. This paper discribes the history and design of Gridapple. Press, Wm. H., B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and Wm. T. Vetterling, Error, Accuracy, and Stability (an exerpt from Numerical Recipes in C), pp. 24-27, Cambridge University Press, 1988. A good introduction to why numbers behave other than as perfect notions when we use computers. Discrete representations in machines have a price in precision. Here is why. Price, Stephen, "Modeling the temporal element in land information systems.," IJGIS , vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 233-243, 1989. This paper considers the use of a modern programming language (Modula-2) to develop a data model for a lot-based LIS. The emphasis is on the importance of maintaining the history of the lots, and a data model is developed which incorporates the history of each lot. Pries, Richard A., "A System for Large-Scale Image Mapping and GIS Data Collection," PERS, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 503-511, May 1995. Project, Domesday, New Zealand Geographers, pp. 85-86, Oct. 1986. Pullar, David and Kate Beard, "Specifying and tracking errors from map overlay," in Proc. of GIS/LIS`90 Vol.1, pp. 79-87, 1990. This paper presents tools to treat spatial uncertainty for representing and combining the geometry for map layers. As a speculative approach, we adopt an error model for geometric objects based upon a normal probability distribution. The error model is used to track error in two applications, line simplification and map overlay. Ramirez, Rail J., "Computer-aided mapping systems: the next generation.," in Technical papers, ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention, Vol.5, pp. 114-121, 1989. - 33 - This paper describes the design of the Universal Computer- Aided Mapping System(UCAMS) Reek, Thomas and Nathaniel B. Guttman, "Climate information products retrieval system.," in Proc. of GIS/LIS`89 Vol.2, pp. 636-645, 1989. The system is comprised of four basic components. The first,database, consists of a disc resident, direct access, online collection of monthly and annual climate data. The second, ad hoc query, provides interactive, user-friendly anwsers to queries. The third, geographical display, depicts query anwsers on maps. The fourth, applications access software, is a library of database management functions. Reij, J. B. Van, "LIS/GIS, Contrasts and similarities; a practical approach.," in FIG, XIX Int. Congress, Commission 3, pp. 330-343, 1990. A common feature of LIS and GIS is that they both give information about all elements with a fixed position on or under the earth's surface. However, there is such a difference between their applications, that they often exsit next to each other without any competition. It will be explained how and why that is possible. Rhind, David, "A GIS Research Agenda.," IJGIS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 23-28, 1988. This paper is a review of research themes in the field of GIS. Roitman, Howard, "Legal issues in providing public access to an AMS: case studies and variations," URISA J., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 38-45, Spring 1990. This paper examines some of the issues which have been encounted by agencies on their way to marketing information and ways in which they have dealt with them. The questions discussed are: leagal authority, open records law, equal treatment, on-line access. Ross, Douglas T. and Kenneth E.Schoman, "Structured analysis for requirements definition.," IEEE Tr. on Software Eng., pp. 6-15, Jan 1977. Requirements definition encompasses all aspects of system development prior to actual system design. This paper examines the needs for requirements definition, and proposes meeting those objects with three interrelated subjects: context analysis, functional specification, and design constraints. %K Functional specification, requirements analysis - 34 - Rossmeissal, Hedy J., Robin G. Fegeas, and Robert D. Rugg, "Testing the Proposed Digital Cartographic Data Standard: An Update.," in Technical Papers: ASPRS/ACSM, Annual Convention. (Vol.5), pp. 138-145, 1989. Testing of the proposed standard has occured in two phases. The first was conducted by those Federal agencies most active in developing the standard. The second included a cross section of government, university, and private sector organizations. These tests have volunteered considerable resources to perform one of four types of tests: 1)detailed conceptual mapping of the tester's data to and from the standard, 2) decoding of one or more of the sample test data sets into the tester`s system, 3) encoding the tester's data into the standard, and 4) actual tranfer of data from one tester's system to another tester's system using the standard. Saalfeld, Alan, "It Doesn't Make Me Nearly as Cross," IJGIS, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 379-386, 1987. Read after David Douglas' "It Makes Me So Cross". See? It depends a lot on the mathematics that you know and the way you frame things. Sangnineti, M. B., "Interactive graphics and surface modeling by computer.," in Technical Papers, ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention. (Vol.2), pp. 300-308, 1988. General purpose CADD system are proving to be unsuitable for graphic manipulation of the large amounts of data used in terrain modeling and civil design. The need for a specialised graphics system for civil applications is identified. SMIGS (Surface Modelling Interactive Graphics System) is one such computer aided civil design package. SMIGS provides an interactive grapgics tool for manipulation of DTM, based on the specialized string- based approach. Sarjakoski, Tapani, "Digital stereo imagery-Integration to Geo- Information System.," in FIG, XVIX Congress, Commission 3 (LIS), pp. 489-498, 1990. The key issue of the paper is the integration of a digital stereo imagery to GIS. This integration allows a user to carry out ad hoc B-D mensuration of any objects and features visible in digital stereo imagery. It can be foreseen that stereo mensuration based on digital imagery may be an important phase in any planning task. Scheepers, C. F., "Computer Assisted Map Symbolism," in Technical Papers. ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention. )Vol.2), pp. 447-56, 1988. The graphical display of spatial information is regulated by - 35 - a specialized system called map symbolism. This paper describes a vector-based sturcture for map symbolism, and covers symbol design, symbol description and symbol construction. Schirmacher, Wolfgang, "Privacy as an ethical problems in the computer society.," in Philosophy and Technology II Information Technology and Computer in Theory and Practice., ed. Carl Huning, pp. 257-268, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1986. ISBN 90-277-1975-6 An extened critique of fear that computers are a threat to privacy. The argument is that although computers will, in fact, do away with privacy, privacy is not the absolute value it is often thought to be. The destruction of privacy will not create an inhuman but a more human society. Schmidt, A. H. and W. A. Zaft, "Programs of the Harvard University Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis," in find the book, ed. and the editor, pp. 231-, 1975. history Senn, James A., The Student Edition of dBASE IV (Chapter 2 Database Concepts), pp. 11-44, Addison-Wesley, 1991. Much shorter, slightly more up to date, and perhaps more accessible than the material in James Martin's book, this is a good introduction to a number of the concepts, objectives, and facilities of database systems. It is more oriented toward databases on smaller computers rather than Martin's mainframes. NB: If you read this instead of Martin, be sure to be able to describe Martin's figures pointed out elsewhere in this bibliography. Journal Article.]- Shapiro, Robert F. and Charles E. Martin, "Challenges and Solutions in Map Publishing.," in Technical Papers, ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention. (Vol.5), pp. 237-245, 1989. This paper discusses the current level of integration of computers with traditional mapping techniques - a holistic approach that involves computers in each phase of the cartographic process. Shmutter, Benjamin and Yerahmiel Doytsher, "DTM - Accuracy estimations," in Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling. Vol.1, pp. 263-272, 1990. A discussion of how to proceed in order to implement in the photogrammetric process accuracy estimtion is presented. Shneiderman, Ben, "Designing the user interface: Strateies for effective human-computer interaction.," in Library of - 36 - Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data., Addison-wesley Publishing Company, 1987. ISBN 0-201-16505-8 Silar, F., "How to achieve the required accuracy in digitization of large-scale maps.," in GIG,XIX Int. Congress, Commission 5., pp. 541-546, 1990. The problem of accuracy of digital manicipal map is discussed for a situation where the coordinates of detailed points, determined by cartometric digitization of a 1:1000 or 1:500 map have been transformed to a geodetic system of coordinates. Skidmore, Andrew K., "A comparison of techniques for calculating gradient and aspect from a gridded digital elevation model.," IJGIS, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 323-334, 1988. Digital elevation data spaced on a regular 30m grid were generated over a region of moderate topography in south-east Australia. Six algorithms for calculating gradient and aspect from these data were compared. General linear regression models and the third-order finite difference methods were the most accurate. Journal Article.AP basic discussions on map projections the math and history of several major projections Software covering much of the material contained in the aforementioned references is available in the PROJ.4 system found on ftp anon site charon.er.usgs.gov (128.128.40.24) as well as some info on non-US coordinate systems. Journal Article.AP basic discussions on map projections Software covering much of the material contained in the aforementioned references is available in the PROJ.4 system found on ftp anon site charon.er.usgs.gov (128.128.40.24) as well as some info on non-US coordinate systems. Starr, Lowell E., "USGS National Mapping Division: Preparing for the 21st century.," in Proc. of GIS/LIS`90 vol.2, pp. 872-881, 1990. This paper considers the changing role of national mapping agencies in general and examines the impact that research, development, and institutional changes will have on the Divisions in the next 10 years, and then describes a principal role for the Division in the year 2000 to 2010 as a spatial data manager and coordinator. Stephenson, Thomas, "Imaging, visualization and the challenge of global change.," Advanced Imaging, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 59-61, 1990. Stobbs, Jack, Edger M. Fisher, and Paul K. Raver, "Development of a southern California public/private sector GIS.," in Proc. GIS/LIS`90 Vol.1, pp. 441-448, 1990. - 37 - This paper outlines the general direction of regional GIS project, and the requisite coordination efforts currently taking place among the private and public sectors within orange county, California. Stoms, David M., Frank W. Davis, Christopher B. Cogan, Marco O. Painho, Brean W. Duncan, and Joseph Scepan, "Sensitivity of habitat models to uncertainties in GIS data: A California condor case study.," in Proc. GIS/LIS`90, pp. 69-71, 1990. For many GIS applications, it is not possble to compare these products to an independent measure of `truth`. Sensitivity analysis offers an alternative means of estimatigng reliability. In this paper, we present a GIS- based statistical procedure for measuring the sensitivity of wildlife habitat models to data quality and model assumptions. Stone, Heather F., Susan L. Boyle, and Mason J. Hewitt, III, "Development of an EPA Quality Assurance Program for Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Analysis.," in Proc. GIS/LIS`90 Vol.2, pp. 814-819, 1990. This paper describes the framework for managing quality assurance with Environment Protection Agency (EPA) and outlines guidance, prodecures, and automated tools to assist in the implementation of such a program. Stuebe, Miki M. and Douglas M. Johnston, "Runoff Volume: Comparing manual and GIS techniques," in LaLUP/LA Computer News, pp. 8-10, Spring 1990. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of a panticular GIS to assist in all stages of modeling stormwater runoff. Stutheit, Juliann, "Wisconsin legislates innovative new LIS program.," GIS World, vol. 3, no. 5, p. ??? , 1990. Survey, Ordnace, "Ordnace Survey summary and commentary on the report of the small scales digital map data user needs study.," in unknown, 1984. The report recommended that market research should be carried out into the need for digital map data. This was divided into two stages: user requirements for large scales digital data, and users needs for small scale digital data. Tang, Agatha Y., Teresa M. Adams, and E. Lynn Usery, "A spatial data model design for feature-based geographical information systems," IJGIS, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 643-659, 1996. Feature-based objects with topological relations and semantic realtions with other objects. Cool stuff. - 38 - Tobler, Waldo, "Cellular Geography," in Philosophy in Modern Geography, ed. S. Gale and G. Olsson, pp. 379-386, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1979. Tomlin, Dona C., Stephen H. Berwick, and Sandra M. Tomlin, "The use of computer graphics in deer habitat evaluation.," in Computer mapping and natural resources and the environment., pp. 212-218, The president & Fellows of Harvard College, 1980. Tomlinson, Roger F., Hugh W. Calkins, and Duane F. Marble, Computer Handling of Geographic Data , UNESCO Natural Resource Research Series, pp. 1-214, The UNESCO Press, Paris, 1976. UNESCO N 219 no. 13 in Hamilton Gov Docs This is a report by the International Geographical Union's Commission on Geographical Data Handling and Sensing, that was to provide a freamework for understanding the merits and comparing the capabilities of GIS. An excellent overview of what was then. Includes descriptions of historic GIS, including CGIS (Canada Geographic Information System), PIOS (Polygon Information Overlay System), MLMIS (Minnesota Lnad Managagement Information System), LUNR (Land Use and Natural Resources Inventory of New York State), ORRMIS (Oak Ridge Regional Modelling Information System). Trust, American Farmland, "GIS: What are they," in A Survey of Geographic Information Systems., pp. 4-6, 1985. Tsai, Victor J. D., "Delaunay Triangulations in TIN Creation: an overview and a linear-time algorithm," IJGIS, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 501-524, 1993. Reviews definition and algorithms to compute Delaunay triangulations. Turk, Andrew, "Contexts within which maps and other graphics can serve as useful tools for the visually handicapped.," in Proc. of the 1st Int. Symp. on maps and graphics for the visually handicapped, ed. Joseph W. Wiedel, 1983. The effectiveness of standard cartographic features such as legend panels, north point and scale bar has been investigated. User surveys have refined a set of fine standard textures for computer assisted choropleth mapping. Visually impaired people are cooperatigng in this program to harness to latest technology to develop their knowledge and independence. Turk, Andrew, "GIS, LIS, STRIS or What?," manuscript, 1990. Turk, Andrew, "Towards an understanding of human-computer interaction aspects of GIS.," Cartography, Australian Institute of Cartographers, 1990 (final draft for mid-year - 39 - edition). There is an increasing need to optimise human-computer interaction (HCI) aspects. The principal chanllenge is now in the ergonomics of shared cognitive resposibility between operator and computer system. Mental modeling provides an appropriate psychological paradigm which may be applied through arranging approporiate levels of cognitive control,(modes of engagements), for GIS operations. Turk, Andrew G., "Towards an Understanding of Human-Computer Interaction Aspects of GIS (manuscript)," Cartography, Australian Institute of Cartographers, 1990. There is an increasing need to optimise human-computer interaction (HCI) aspects. The principal chanllenge is now in the ergonomics of shared cognitive resposibility between operator and computer system. Mental modeling provides an appropriate psychological paradigm which may be applied through arranging approporiate levels of cognitive control,(modes of engagements), for GIS operations. Turk, Andrew G., "Towards an Understanding of Humand-Computer Interaction Aspects of Geographical Information Systems," Cartography, p. unknown, mid 1990. A large review, with extensive bibliography, this also contains an agenda for HCI research in GIS. Tveitdal, Svein, "Cost efficient establishment of national geographic database - a nordic approach.," in XVIX Congress of FIG, Commission 3, pp. 317-329, 1990. The paper reports major findings and conclusions from two joint projects. The main objects have been to develop economic models to be able to quantify benefits obtainable from investments in geographic databases. unknown,, "Description of some scan digitization software systems (chapter 7)," in Basic Readings in GIS, ed. D. F. Marble, pp. 61-66. Unwin, David J. and (and eight others), "A syllabus for teaching geographical information systems," IJGIS, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 457-465, 1990. Need to balance long-lasting theory, with short-lived implementation. Ventura, Stephen J., "Framework for Evaluating GIS Implementation.," in Proc. GIS/LIS`89, Orland, Florida, Vol.2, pp. 825-836, 26-30 November 1989. This paper presents a framework, limited to technical and - 40 - educational aspects, for examining choices in GIS implementation. The framework covers three major aspects: technology transfers, system design, and application development. Veregin, Howard, "Developing and testing of an error propogation model for GIS overlay operations," IJGIS, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 595-619, 1995. Gives a model of error propogation based on errors of omission and comission that works better than most previous models. Check it out. Vulgt, Maurits Van der, "The use of a GIS based Decision Support System (DDS) in physical planning," in Proc. GIS/LIS`89 Vol.2, pp. 459-467, 1989. A spatial aspects of a DDS for physical plannigng is the need to perform spatial data storage, displaying and analysis. This need suggests the use of GIS within the DDS. In the paper, the concept of GIS use in a DDS for physical planning is illustrated with the description of a possible Dutch planning DSS. Walsh, Stephen J., "GIS for national resource management," in GIS for natural resorces management, ed. Wipple, pp. 190-193, 1985. (reprinted from J. of Soil and Water Conservation 40(2), 202-205) Walsh, Stephen J., James W. Cooper, Ian E. Von Essen, and Kenneth R. Gallager, "Image enhancement of landsat thematic mapper data and GIS data integration for evaluation of resource characteristics.," Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1135-1141, ASPRS, 1990. Landsat TM digital data have been enhanced to provide an understanding of the hydrological characteristics within Glacier National Park,Montana. A USGS DEM was processed to further augment the hydrological database for the Park. The approach of integrating enhanced digital satellite data and DEM data in a GIS framework proved to be valuable in understanding the hydrologic processes in complex and rugged topography. Warntz, Wm., "The Toplogy of a Socio-economic Terrain and Spatial Flows," Regional Science Association Papers, vol. 17, pp. 47-61, 1966. Watson, Dave, CONTOURING: A guide to the analysis and display of spatial data, Pergamon Press, 1992. ISBN 0 08 040286 0 Isolines are curves of constant elevation, and they may be imagined as the intersection of a horizontal plane and a surface which represents the data. It that surface is - 41 - constructed of piecewise planar facets, the resulting isolines will have an angular, jagged, appearance such as your figure indicates. Any attempt to alter these angular isolines will cause them to be inconsistant with the representative surface and may even result in such contradictions as isolines that cross one other. These isolines will be inconsistant with the data. To achieve smooth and gently curving isolines requires the generation of a smooth surface to represent the data. Then lines of constant elevation on this surface will appear as "nice" contour lines and be consistant with the data. Webster, Chris, "Disaggregated GIS architecture: Lessons from recent developments in multi-site database management systems.," IJGIS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67-79, 1988. An important trend towards larger and more complex GIS is the need to develop multi-site systems in which a geographical database is disaggregated over a number of locations. Some of these developments are examined. In the context of this discussions, attention is drawn to the absence of any true disagrregative functionality in exsiting GIS products and several themes in current GIS research which are important to the design of a disaggregated GIS identified. Compares several strategies for manageing distributed databases. To some degree, the presrciptions presented here are subsumed by the more recnet developments in database technology including efforts at interconnectable "open" database interfaces. Still, little GIS software has gotten to that level of database integration here at the end of 1996, so reading about how to hook databases together is valuable yet. Weibel, Robert and Martin Heller, "A framework for digital terrain modeling.," in Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on spatial data handling, Vol.1, pp. 219-228, 1990. We submit that a DTM system should serve the tasks of DTM generation, manipulation, visualization, and application. To facilitate these tasks a generic system srchitecture is proposed which is based on a flexible, multi-representation data model. Weibel, Robert and Martin Heller, "A Framework for Digital Terrain Modeling," 4th Intn. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, vol. 1, pp. 219- 229, 23-27 July 1990. Wiegand, Nancy and Teresa M. Adams, "Using Object-Oriented Database Management for Feature-Based Geographic Information Systems," URISA, vol. 6, no. 1, Spring 1994. Wilcox, Darlene L., "Concerning 'The economic evaluation of implementing a GIS'.," IJGIS, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 203-210, 1990. - 42 - It was encouraging to see a discussion of formal economic analysis within the context of implementing a GIS (Dickinson and Calkins, 1988). While cost-benefit analysis does show promise as a tool in the economic evaluation of GIS implementation, the discussion put forth in the Dickinson and Calkins article does not offer a concise, workable sturcture within which cost-benefit analysis can be applied. See also Dickinson and Calkins 1988 and 1990. Williams, T. H. Lee, "Implementing LESA on a GIS - a case study.," Photogrammetric Eng. & Remote Sensing , vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 1923-1932, ASPRS, 1985. The USDA Soil Conservation Service has developed the agricultural Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) system to determine the quality of land for agricultural users and to assesss agricultural land areas for their economic viability. A study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of implementing LESA on a computer-based GIS. Williamson, I. P. and G. J. Hunter, "Conceptual modeling and role in the design of land and GIS. ," in FIG, XVIX Congress, Commission 3, pp. 500-508, 1990. In designing LIS/GIS, it is argued that high-level conceptual models are the most important type of model in terms of providing an overall picture of what these systems are designed to achieve - yet they remain the least understood and the most poorly used. The aim of this paper is to provide a greater understanding of the role and significance of conceptual models in effective LIS/GIS development. Wittick, Robert, "Some Contouring Algorithms," (Prepared for the IGU Commission on Data Sensing and Processing), circa 1980 ???. surface contouring history %X It compares the contouring algorithms available in RGRID, CONTOUR, SYMAP, GEOSYS**CONTOUR, GEOSYS**ISOLINE adn GPCP, programs which were at Michigan State when this was written. I am not sure where I got this. Wolf, David B., "New Landscape in the Copyright Protection for Maps: Mason v. Montgomery Data, Inc.," GIS Law, vol. 1, no. 4, 1993. There are more things in this journal that should have made it into this list. If you are interested, I can get some more pointers. Worboys, Michael F., "Object-oriented approaches to geo- referenced information," IJGIS, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 385-399, 1994. - 43 - Survey of the current field. Good stuff. Worboys, Michael F., Innovations in GIS: selected papers from the First National Conference on GIS Research UK, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (1900 Frost Rd. Suite 101 sip 19007), 1994?. Worrall, Les, "Justifying investment in GIS: a local government perspective," IJGIS, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 545-565, 1994. Contains a review of published literature. Should related to Calkins and <>, as well as the detractor that followed them. Yang, J., "Automatic data capture of polygon maps from scanned data.," in FIG, XVIX Conpress, Commission 5, pp. 523-531, 1990. The map is digitized by means of a scanner and the data are subsequently converted into vecter data in line-node format. The data are thus input into a database with topological and special relations. The segmentation is carried out to separate the data depending on the object type. Dotted boundary lines of polygons are recognized by syntactic classification, followed by automatic extraction of the areas indicated by the polygon lines. Recognition of texts, figures and the symbols is achieved using numerical and non-numerical classification. Finally the texts and symbols are as attributes assigned to the polygons. Zimmerli, Walther Ch., "Who Is To Blame for Data Pollution? On Individual Moral Responsibility with Infromation Technology," in Philosophy and Technology II, ed. Carl Mitcham and Alois Hunting, pp. 291-305, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland & Boston, 1986. Examines three moments in the information technology process - data acquisition, processing, and dissemination - and considers the problems of assigning individual moral responsibility for data pollution or distortion as it might arise under each situation. Zwart, Peter R. and R. J. Driessen, "LIS and national resource planning - some issues.," in FIG XVIX Congress, Commission 3, pp. 237-250, 1990. Systems designed for land administration are normally functional, well defined, with fixed, limited outputs with known formats. For national resource planning functionality generally has to be increased, operational flexibility augmented and output in both form and format extended. Zwick, P. and D. Costakis , "Quality assurance for a local government geographic information system: a geo-facilities - 44 - project perspective.," Comput. Environ. and Urban Systems, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 13-24, 1988. This article discusses the quality assurance process and control procedures involved in the conversion of the property base layer for Alachua County, Florida (GEOMAX Project). Common problems encounted during the conversion process of GIS projects are discussed, along with solutions used to locate and correct those problems within the GEOMAX Project. In short, have a plan for checking data quality as you convert inforamtion into a GIS database. COmmon problems and approaches to dealing with them are discussed.