Instructor: Majid Tehranian
Email & Webpage: majid@hawaii.edu; http://www2.hawaii.edu/~majid
Course Listserv: ace-l@hawaii.edu
Course Website: http://webct.hawaii.edu
Office: Crawford Hall 309
Tel.: 808-956-3353
Office Hours: TTh 1:30:2:30 pm, or by appointment
Class Meetings: Mondays 3:00-5:30 pm, BUSAD D203

DESCRIPTION
This course reviews the evolution of communication and information theories in the historical transitions from pre-modern to modern and postmodern societies.

APPROACH
Communication and information theories cover a broad spectrum of social science theories. Theories can be best understood if they are historically and culturally situated. This course is therefore taking a historical and cross-cultural approach. More than those in the natural sciences, social science theories are culturally and historically bound. However, certain perennial social problems seem to have remained constant throughout human history. The course is organized around the role of communication in the perennial problems of personal development, cultural signification, social regulation, political legitimation, and economic accumulation.
As Thomas Kuhn has argued, natural science theories evolve in paradigmatic shifts from revolutionary to normal sciences. Because social sciences are also normative sciences, the moral paradigms are often in contestation. They fluctuate between, for example, conflict and consensus, individualism and collectivism, freedom and determinism, egalitarian and hierarchical norms, fragmentation and solidarity, etc. Class discussions will be useful in punctuating the normative aspects of the social scientific discourse.

REQUIREMENTS
A single textbook effectively cannot cover the topic of this course. The required readings (Ong, Littlejohn, Fisk, and Mattleart) together come close to covering the subject from different theoretical perspectives. The optional readings invite you to select 8 books that interest you for review essays of about 5 pages each. You are expected to present your reviews orally on the topics of the day. The suggested books in the appended bibliography have been selected for their relevance. You can find some of the books in the UH Bookstore. For others, you need to go to the library or the online booksellers (e.g. amazon.com). It is critical that you do not fall behind in your reading. Please make your choices as soon as possible

GRADING
Your grade will be based on (1) 40 per cent for the 8 weekly reports, (2) 40 percent for a take-home exam, and (3) 20 percent for your class participation (including electronic contributions). Oral and written presentations will be evaluated on the basis of their originality (20%), cogency (20%), organization (20%), style (20%), and scholarship (20%). Your numeric grade corresponds to letter grades as follows: 90-100, A to A+; 80-89, B to B+; 70-79, C to C+; 60-69, D to D+; below 60, F. Attendance is required. Each unexcused absence will result in a reduction of one point in your course grade.

LISTSERV
To communicate with your instructor and fellow students, please sign up for membership in the world’s most exclusive electronic club, namely the Academy for Global Communication and Education (ACE), by sending the following PLAIN TEXT, no “electronic signature” message:

To: listproc@hawaii.edu
Message Text: SUBSCRIBE ACE-L <First and Last Name>
Example: SUBSCRIBE ACE-L John Doe

WEBSITE
WebCT will be used as another communication gateway besides ACE-L to post the syllabus and articles. The attached guide outlines the steps necessary to access the WebCT course web site.

REQUIRED TEXTS

Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Methuen, 1982. ISBN: 0-416-74570-9

Littlejohn, Stephen W. Theories of Human Communication, latest edition. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning: Belmont, CA. ISBN: 0-534-54957-8.

Mattleart, Michele and Armand. Theories of Communication: A Short Introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998.

Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London and New York: Routledge, 1982. ISBN: 0-415-02796-9

SCHEDULE

DATES
TOPICS
SUGGESTED
READINGS & VIDEOS

1. Introduction

January 12 Communications: Queen of Sciences? Film: Rashamon
Required:
Littlejohn, Chapters 1 – 11
Tehranian & Arno, on webct
January 19 Holiday: Martin Luther King Jr. Day Required:
Littlejohn, Chapters 12 – 16

January 26 Structure and Process in Communications Required: Fiske 1982
Optional: Kuhn , Shannon-Weaver

2. Communication in Premodern Societies

February 2 Theories of Orality Required: Ong 1982, chapters 1-3

February 9
Theories of Literacy
Required: Ong 1982, chapter 4-7

February 16
Holiday: Presidents’ Day
Optional: Tehranian, ms. on webct

3. Communication in Modern Societies

February 23 Theories of Human Development:
Interpersonal Communication Optional: Tao Te Ching, Freud, Jung, Erikson, Bateson, Laing, Lewin, Goffman, Crain
March 1 Theories of Socialization:
Symbolic Interactionism
Optional: Lemert, Mead, Blumer

Mar. 8
Theories of Signification:
Mass Media Effects

Video: McLuhan
Optional: Lemert, McQuail, Innis, McLuhan, Katz & Blumler
Mar. 15 Theories of Legitimation:
Ideology & Public Opinion
Optional: Lemert, Lippmann, Gouldner, Noel-Neuman
March 22-26 Holiday: Spring Recess

Mar. 29 Theories of Accumulation:
Diffusion and Modernization Video: Asian Tigers
Optional: Frey et al., , Lerner, Rogers, Freire, Tehranian, 1999, etc.

4. Communication in Postmodern Societies

April 5 Theories of Postmodernity:
Modes of Information and Accumulation Video: Stuart Hall
Optional: Bell, Hall, Harvey, Poster, Foucault, Derrida

April 12 Communication and Democratization:
Freedom, Security, and Panoptican Society
Optional: Habermas, Tehranian 1990,
April 19 Communication and Globalization:
Global Village or Pillage? Video: Edward Said
Optional: Negroponte, Mattleart 2003, Tehranian 1999, Esref & Camilleri

April 26 Conclusion Required: Mattleart


May 3

TAKE-HOME EXAM DUE: Compare and contrast the different approaches taken by Ong, Littlejohn, Fiske, Mattleart, and Tehranian to communications theory. Which approach(es) do you prefer and why? Maximum: 10 pages.


REFERENCES
Guides to Writing
W. Strunk, & E,B. White, Elements of Style, 4th ed. New York: Allyn & Bacon, 2000. ISBN: 020530902X
William Zinsser, On Writing Well. New York: Harper Resources, 1999.
Turabian, K. L. A manual for writers of term papers, theses & dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996
McGuire, Mary et al. The Internet Handbook for Writers, Researchers, and Journalists. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.
Scholarly Journals
Communication Theory; Journal of International Communication; InterMedia; Telecommunications Policy; Journal of Communication; Media Asia; Third World Quarterly; Alternatives; Media Development; Third Channel; Asian Journal of Communication; European Journal of Communication; Culture, Media and Society; Communication Theory; Broadcasting and Electronic Media, The Information Society; Journal of Communication Inquiry; Prometheus, etc.

USEFUL WEBSITES
http://www.usc.edu/dept/annenberg
http://www.toda.org
http://interactive.wsj.com
http://altavista.digital.com
http://www.economist.com
http://www.mediahistory.com
http://www.census.gov
http://www.whitehous.gov/WH/html/briefroom.html
http://www.ameritech.com/news/contributions/education/schoolhouse/library_social_sci.html
www.cs.cmu.edu/books.html
www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/bartlett/
www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby//strunk/
www.thesaauru.com
www.internetuniv.com
www.finweb.com
www.ucr.edu/h_gig/hourslinks/html
www.cais.com/makulow/vlj.html
www.pitt.edu/~ian/index/html
www.abacon.com/sociology/soclinks/indx.html
www.voxpop.org/jefferson/
UN, ITU, UNESCO, WIPO, INTELSAT, ASEAN, NAFTA, APEC, INMARSAT











DRAFT: 12/20/2003

COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION THEORIES:
A Bibliography

General Histories

Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Thomas D. Hall, Rise and Demise: Comparing World Systems

Crowley, David and Paul Heyer, Communication in History: Technology, Culture, and Society

Dicken, Peter. Global Shift: Transforming the Global Economy, 3r ed. New York: The Guilford Press, 1998.

Fang, Irving. A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions. Boston: Focal Press, 1997. ISBN: 0-240-80254-3

Galtung, Johan & Sohail Inayatullah, eds., Macrohistory and Macrohistorians: Perspectives on Individual, Social, and Civilizational Change. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. ISBN: 0-275-95755-1
Hardt, Michael & Michael & Antonio Negri, Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Heyer, Paul. Communication and History: Theories of Media, Knowledge, and Civilization. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. ISBN: 0-313-26157-1

Lechner, Frank J. and John Bol., Eds. The Globalization Reader. Oxford: Balckwell, 2000

Turner, Jonathan H. The Structure of Sociological Theory. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1991
Mattleart, Armand. The Information Society: An Introduction. London: Sage, 2003
Mattleart, Armand. Networking the World. 2000
Tehranian, Majid. Civilization: A Global Journey, ms.
General Theories
Littlejohn, S. W. Theories of Human Communication, 4th Ed. Columbus: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1992

Mattleart, Michele and Armand. Theories of Communication: A Short Introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998.

Innis, Harold 1950a. Empires and Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Innis, Harold 1950b. The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Crowley, David & Mitchell, David, Eds. Communication Theory Today. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1994

Collins, Randall, ed. Three Sociological Traditions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985

Dissanayake, Wimal, Ed. Communication Theory: Asian Perspectives. Singapore: AMIC, 1988

Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Methuen, 1982

Griffin, Em. A First Look at Communication Theory, 2nd ed. New York McGraw Hill, 1994

Goody, Jack. Domestication of the Savage Mind

Goody, Jack. The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society

Goody, Jack. The Interface between the Written and the Oral

Griffin, Em. A First Look at Communication Theory, 2nd Ed. New York McGraw Hill, 1994

Hall, Edward T. Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books, 1977

Turner, Jonathan H. The Structure of Sociological Theory, 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,
1991.

Martindale, Don. The Nature and Types of Sociological Theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1981

Gerbner, George et al. "Ferment in the Field," Special Issue of Journal of Communication,
33:3, 1983

Levy, Mark R. et al., "The Future of the Field I & II," Journal of Communication, Summer and
Fall 1993

Dervin, Brenda et al., eds. Paradigm Dialogue. Newbury Park: Sage, 19

Castells, Manuel. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vols. 1-3. Malden, MA: Blackwells Publishers, 2000. ISBN: 1-55786-874-3.

Collins, Richard et al. Media, Culture and Society: A Critical Reader. Beverley Hills: Sage, 1986

Collins, Randall. Four Sociological Traditions. New York: Oxford University Press, latest edition. ISBN: 0-19-508208-7.
Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Methuen, 1982. ISBN: 0-416-74570-9

Gouldner, Alvin W. The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology: The Origins, Grammar, and Future of Ideology. New York: Macmillan Press, 1976. ISBN: 333-19757-7.
Harvey, David. The Conditions of Post-Modernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA & Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1990.
Kuhn, Thomas S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN: 0-26-45804-0

Lemert, Charles, Ed. Social Theory: The Multicultural & Classical Readings. Boulder, Westview Press, 1999. ISBN: 0-8133-3472-1

Martindale, Don. The Nature and Types of Sociological Theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1981

Littlejohn, S. W. Theories of Human Communication, latest Ed. Columbus: Wadsworth Publishing Co., ?

Turner, Jonathan H. The Structure of Sociological Theory. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1991

Thompson, John B. The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1996. ISBN: 0804726795
Collins, Randall. Four Sociological Traditions. New York: Oxford University Press, latest edition. ISBN: 0-19-508208-7.
Majid Tehranian and David W. Chappell, Eds. Dialogue of Civilizations: A New Peace Agenda for a New Millennium. London: I. B. Tauris, 2002. ISBN: 1-86064 712 X
Tehranian, Majid and David W. Chappell, Eds. Dialogue of Civilizations: A New Peace Agenda for a New Millennium. London: I. B. Tauris, 2002. ISBN: 1-86064 712 X
Tehranian, Majid. Civilization: A Global Journey, manuscript posted on the course webct.

Kuhn, Thomas S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN: 0-26-45804-0.

Thomas D. Hall, A World Systems Reader: New Perspectives on Gender, Urbanism, Cultures, Indigenous Peoples, and Ecology. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000. ISBN: 0-8476-9184-5
Hartley, John and Roberta E. Pearson, Eds. American Cultural Studies: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN: 0-19-874254-1
Particular Theories
Mahdi, Muhsen. The Philosophy of Ibn Khaldun.

McQuail, Dennis. Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction. Beverley Hills: Sage, 1984

Rogers, Everett. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press, 1962.

Rogers, Everett M., Ed. Communication and Development: Critical Perspectives. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976.

Thompson, John B. Studies in the Theory of Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984

Harvey, David. The Conditions of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Conditions of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990. ISBN: 0-631-16294-1

Havelock, E. The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present

Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London and New York: Routledge, 1982. ISBN: 0-415-02796-9

Thompson, John B. The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1996. ISBN: 0804726795

McQuail, Denis. Mass Communication Theory, 4th Ed. London: Sage Publications, 2000. ISBN: 0-7619-6547-5.

Rogers, Everett. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press, latest edition.
Rogers, Everett and Larry Kincaid. Network Analysis.
Castells, Manuel. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. 1. Malden, MA: Blackwells Publishers, 2000, Volume II. ISBN: 1-55786-874-3.

Harvey, David. 1990. The Conditions of Post-Modernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA & Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Havelock, Eric. A. The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

Goody, Jack. The Interface Between the Written and the Oral. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Noelle-Neumann, E. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion—Our Social Skin. Chicago: University Chicago Press, 1984.

McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: Signet, 1964.

McLuhan, Marshall. The Guttenberg Galaxy: The Making of the Typographic Man. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1992.

Smythe, Dallas 1981. Dependency Road: Communication, Capitalism, Consciousness, and Canada. Norwood, NJ: Ablex

Gandy, Oscar H., Jr. 1998. Communication and Race: A Structural Perspective. London: Arnold.
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Innis, Harold 1950a. Empires and Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Innis, Harold 1950b. The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Habermas, Jurgen. 1983. A Theory of Communicative Action, 3 vols. Boston: Beacon Press.
Dahl, Robert. How Democratic Is the American Constitution? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.

Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books.
Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Hall, Stuart. Cultural Studies.

Hall, Edward. The Silent Language.

Hall, Edward. The Hidden Culture.

Poster, Mark. The Mode of Information: Poststructuralism and Social Context. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990. ISBN: 0-226-67596-3.
Tehranian, Majid. Technologies of Power: Information Machines and Democratic Prospects. Norwood: Ablex, 1990. ISBN: 0-89391-634-X

Tehranian, Majid. Global Communication and World Politics: Domination, Development, and Discourse. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999. ISBN: 1-55587-708-7

Thompson, John B. The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1996. ISBN: 0804726795

Classical Foundations

Plato. The Republic & Phadreus
Aristotle. Rhetorics.
Indian Philosopher. The White Umbrella.
Machiavelli, N. The Prince
Sun Tzu, The Art of War
Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching

Symbolic Interactionalism

George Herbret Mead. Mind, Self, and Society
Blumer,

Information and Systems Theory

Shannon, Claude & Weaver, Warren. The Mathematical Theory of Communication.
Urbana: U of IL Press, 1959
Boulding, Kenneth B. "General Systems Theory: The Skeleton of Science,"
Wiener, Norbret. The Human Use of Human Beings.
Bertalanffy, General Systems Theory

Interpersonal & Group Communication

Allport, Gordon. Theories of Personality
Lewin, Kurt. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. NW York: McGraw Hill, 1935
Hall, Edward T. The Silent Language. New York: Anchors Books, 19
Goffman, Ervin. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
Laing, R. D. The Divided Self.
Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society
Roger, Carl. et al. Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Herder & Herder, 1972
Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991
Krishnamurti. The Flight of the Eagle. New York: Harper & Row, 1972
Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Ballantine, 1990

Organizational Communication

Taylor, Frederick W. Principles of Scientific Management. New York, 1911
Greenbaum, Howard H. Falcione, Raymond L. and Hellweg, Susan, eds. Organizational
Communication: Abstracts, Analysis, and Overview, vol. 9. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984.
Putnam, Linda & Pacanowsky, Michael E. Communication and Organizations: An Interpretive
Approach. Beverly Hills, Sage, 1983.
Thayer, Lee. Communication and Communication Systems. New York & London, 1981
Rogers, Everett & Recha Agarwalla. Organizational Communication.
Rogers, Everett M. & Kinkaid, Lawrence. Communication Networks. New York London, 1981.

Advertising

Packard, Vance. The Hidden Persuaders.
Ewen,, Stuart. Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer
Culture. New York, 1976.
Ewen,, Stuart. Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the Shaping of American Consciousness.
New York, 1982

Communication and Development

Frye, Frederick. "Communication and Development," in Handbook of Communication, ed. By
Ithiel de Sola Pool. New York: Rand McNally, 1973
Lerner, Daniel. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York:
The Free Press, 1958
Schramm, Wilbur. Mass Media and National Development. Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1964
Rogers, Everett M. Communication of Innovations. New York: The Free Press, 1983
Pye, Lucian. Aspects of Political Development.
Pye, Lucian., ed. Communication and Political Development.
Hamelink, Cees. Cultural Autonomy in Global Communication. New York: Longman, 1983.
Hedebro, G. Communication and Social Change in Developing Nations: A Critical View.
Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1982.
Hornick, Robert C. Information, Communication Technology and Development.
New York: Longman, 1987.
Jayaweera, Neville & Amunugama, Sarath, eds. Rethinking Development Communication.
Singapore: AMIC, 1988
Tehranian. Majid et al., eds. Communication Policy for National Development: A Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge, Paul, and Kegan, 1977
Tehranian, Majid. "Development and Communication Policy: The Changing Paradigms,"
Progress in Communication Sciences, ed. by M. Voigt & J. Hanneman. Norwood, NJ:
Ablex, 1979
Tehranian, Majid. "Communication and Development," Communication Theory Today,
edited by D. Corwley & D. Mitchell. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1994
______________. "Is Comparative Communication Theory Possible/Desirable?" Communication Theory, 1:1,
1990.
________________."Communication and Revolution in the Islamic World: An Essay in Interpretation," Asian
Journal of Communication, 1:1, 1990.
________________."Communication and Theories of Social Change," Asian Journal of Communication, 2:1, 1991,
Winter 1991; reprinted in The Iranian Journal of International Affairs, 2:4, Winter 1990/91.
________________. "Restructuring for Communication, Peace, Development, and Democracy: A Global
Perspective," Journal of Development Communication, 3:1, June 1992, pp. 16-32.

Mass Communication

McQuail, Dennis, Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction. Beverley Hills: Sage, 1987

Ideology & Public Opinion

Lippman, Walter. Public Opinion.
Gouldner, Alvin W. The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology: The Origins, Grammar and
Future of Ideology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976
John B. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1984
Marx, Karl & Engels, Frederick. Marx & Engels on the Means of Communication,
ed. by Yves de la Haye. New York: International General, 1980

Critical Theory

Habermas Jurgen. A Theory of Communicative Action. Boston: Beacon Press, 1983
Habermas, Jurgen. Communication and the Evolution of Society. Boston: Beacon Press, 1979
Schiller, Herbret. Who Knows: Information in the Age of Fortune 500. Norwood, NJ: Ablex,
1981
Schiller, Herbret. Information and the Crisis Economy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1985
Smythe, Dallas. Dependency Road: Communications, Capitalism, Consciousness and Canada.
Norwood: NJ, Ablex, 1981.

Intercultural and International Communication

Hall, Edward T. Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books, 1977
Dissanayake, Wimal, ed. Communication Theory: Asian Perspectives. Singapore: AMIC, 1988
Korzeny, F. & Ting-Toomey, S., eds. Communicating for Peace: Diplomacy and Negotiation.
Newbury Park:Sage Publications, 1990.
Tehranian, Katharine & Majid, eds. Restructuring for World Peace: On the Threshold of the 21st
Century. Cresskill, NJ: Hampston Press, 1992
Roach, Colleen, ed. Communication and Culture in War and Peace. Newbury Park: Sage, 1993
Galtung, Johan & Vincent, Richard. Global Glasnost: Toward a New World Information and Communication Order. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1992.
Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf, 1993
Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1978
Sussman, Gerlad & Lent, John A., eds. Transnational Communication: Wiring the Third World.
Newbury Park: Sage, 1991

Semiotics

Barthe, Roland. Elements of Semiology. Lodnon: Cape, 1968
Barthe, Roland. Mythodlogies. London: Paladin, 1973.
Eco, Umberto. "Towards a Semiotic Inquiry into the TV Message," in J Corner & J. Hawthorne,
eds. Communication Studies. Lodnon: Arnold, 1980.
de Suaussure, F. Course in General Lingusitics. London: Fontana, 1974
Peierce, Charles. Collected Papers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931-58

Post-Modernism

Docherty, Thomas. Potmodernism: A Reader. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993
David Harvey, The Conditions of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change.
Oxford: Blackwell, 1990
Foucault, Michel. The Archeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. New York:
Pantheon, 1972
Waugh, Patricia, ed. Post-Modernism: A Reader. London: Edward Arnold, 1992.
Shapiro, Michael. Language and Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 19

Cultural Studies

Collins, Richard et al., eds. Media, Culture and Society: A Critical Reader. Beverley Hills:
Sage, 1986

Technology, Society, and Policy

Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. New York: Basic Books, 1973
Beniger, The Control Revolution
Mosco, Vincent. The Pay-Per Society: Computers and Communication in the Information Age.
Norwood: Ablex Publishing, 1989.
Pool, Ithiel de Sola. Technologies of Freedom. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1983.
Tehranian, Majid. Technologies of Power: Information Machines and Democratic Prospects.
Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1990.
Kroker, Arthur. Technology and the Canadian Mind: Innis, McLuhan, Grant. Montreal: New
World Perspectives, 1984.
MacLup, Fritz. Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution and Economic Significance, vols 1-3.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980-84
Innis, Harold. Empire and Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950
Innis, Harold. The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951
McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Boston: McGraw Hill,
1964
McLuhan, Marshall. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. New York:
Signet Books, 1969