TRADITION AND DIVERSITY: EUROPEAN CHRISTIANITY TO 1500 IN A WORLD CONTEXT Dr. Karen Louise Jolly CONTENTS Introduction Abbreviations Part One Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy: Foundations of Christianity circa 50-450 C.E. Chapter 1 Jew and Gentile: Early Origins of Christianity 1.1 Jesus was Jewish: John's story of the Samaritan woman at the well 1.2 The Gospel according to Paul: Jew and Gentile in Galatians 1.3 Ritual Practice: The baptism ceremony of Hippolytus Chapter 2 Christian and Roman: Conflict and Assimilation 2.1 Persecution: Dionysius the Wise, Patriarch of Alexandria 2.2 Revelation versus Reason: Tertullian and Clement 2.3 Converting the Empire: Eusebius' account of Constantine and Helen 2.4 Roman versus Christian: The Altar of Victory dispute Chapter 3 Heterodoxy and Orthodoxy: Defining Heresy 3.1 Syrian Gnosticism: The Book of Thomas the Contender 3.2 Origenism: The end of the world 3.3 Arianism: Arius and the Nicene Creed 3.4 Nestorians: Nestorius, Cyril, and Chalcedon Chapter 4 Life and Death: The Body and Resurrection 4.1 Heroic Martyrdom: Perpetua 4.2 Contemplative Death: Macrina 4.3 Hope of Resurrection: Tomb Inscriptions Part Two Patterns of Accommodation in Late Antiquity, circa 350-750 Chapter 5 The Heritage of the Middle Ages 5.1 Creating an Authoritative Bible: Jerome 5.2 The Two Cities: Augustine of Hippo 5.3 Neoplatonic Mysticism: Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 5.4 The Consolation of Philosophy: Boethius Chapter 6 The Power of Christian Saints: Monks, Relics and Icons 6.1 Desert Fathers and Mothers: Abba Antony and Amma Syncletica 6.2 The Monastic Exemplar: The Life of St. Benedict and The Rule of St. Benedict 6.3 Relics and Pilgrimage: The Martinellus of St. Martin of Tours 6.4 Byzantine Worship: The Debate over Iconoclasm Chapter 7 Adaptations of Christianity Outside the Roman World 7.1 Saintly Heroes in Ethiopia: The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church 7.2 The Conversion of Nubia: John of Ephesus on Justinian and Theodora's Competition 7.3 Heroic Martyrs in South Arabia: The Women of Najrân 7.4 Nestorian Christians in China: Stele Chapter 8 Christian Acculturation in Western Europe 8.1 Celtic Christianity and Hermetic Life: St. Columba's Rule 8.2 Frankish Christianity: Gregory of Tours on Clovis and Clothilde 8.3 Anglo-Saxon Christianity: Bede on Edwin and Ethelberga 8.4 Saxon Missions: Boniface and Leoba Part Three Christian Society in the Early Middle Ages circa 600-1050 Chapter 9 Christian Kingship and Society 9.1 Theories of Authority and Power: Pope Gelasius I and Emperor Justinian 9.2 Royal Rituals and Laws: Visigothic Spain 9.3 Christian Emperor: Views on the coronation of Charlemagne 9.4 Christian King: Alfred the Great Chapter 10 Christian Education and Theology 10.1 The Carolingian Renaissance: Charlemagne and Alcuin 10.2 Renaissance Theology: John Scottus Eriugena 10.3 Vernacular Learning: Alfred's Program Chapter 11 Christian Practice and Literature 11.1 Sermons: Ælfric of Eynsham 11.2 Liturgy: Rites for the Living and the Dead 11.3 Christian Poetry: The Dream of the Rood 11.4 Christian Drama: Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, Abraham Chapter 12 Christian Diversity and Accommodation 12.1 Conversion by Treaty: the Vikings 12.2 Animism and Accommodation: Charms 12.3 Dialogue: The Dispute of the Church and the Synagogue 12.4 Debate: Patriarch Timothy and Caliph Mahdi Part Four The Spirit of Order and Prophecy circa 1050-1200 Chapter 13 Corporate and Individual Reform 13.1 The Contest: Gregory VII and Henry IV 13.2 Alternatives: Paschal II and Henry V 13.3 Holy Places: the Pilgrim's Guide to Santiago de Compostela 13.4 Holy Women: The Beguine Marie D'Oignies Chapter 14 Christians, Muslims, and Jews: Views of the Crusades 14.1 The European view of the Crusades: Pope Urban II's call to the first Crusade 14.2 The Jewish view of the Crusades: Solomon bar Simson and Sefer Zekhirah 14.3 The Islamic view of the Crusades: Usama ibn Munqidh 14.4 Encounter with a Nubian: Robert of Clari on the Fourth Crusade Chapter 15 Ways of Knowing: Faith and Reason 15.1 Faith and Reason: Anselm 15.2 Dialectics: Abelard 15.3 Aristotelianism: Averr"es 15.4 God and Philosophy: Moses Maimonides Chapter 16 Individual Diversity: Bernard of Clairvaux and Hildegard of Bingen 16.1 Hildegard on the Church: to priests and popes 16.2 Bernard on the Crusades: On Christian Knighthood 16.3 Hildegard's Physiology: Causae et Curae 16.4 Bernard's Way of Knowing: On the Song of Songs 16.5 Hildegard's Lyrics: Eucharius Part Five: New Paths of Order and Prophecy circa 1200-1300 Chapter 17 Orthodox Reform: Popes, Mendicants, and Scholars 17.1 Papal Monarchy: Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council 17.2 Franciscan Spirituality: Francis and Clare 17.3 Mendicant Scholarship: Bonaventure 17.4 Intellectual Synthesis: Thomas Aquinas Chapter 18 Over the Line: Heretics, Inquisitors, and other Radicals 18.1 Heresy and Inquisition: Waldensians and Albigensians 18.2 Spiritual Franciscans: Na Prous Boneta 18.3 Political Challenges: Marsilius of Padua Chapter 19 Popular Religion: Story and Poetry 19.1 Preacher's Tales: Caesarius of Heisterbach, Jacques de Vitry, Etienne de Bourbon 19.2 Monastic Simplicity: Our Lady's Tumbler 19.3 Popular Saints: The Golden Legend on Thomas Becket 19.4 Great Hymns of the Faith: Veni Sancte Spiritus Chapter 20 Cross Cultural Exchange: Missions and Dialogue 20.1 Missions to the Mongols: John of Plano-Carpini 20.2 Buddhist-Christian debate: William of Ruysbruck 20.3 Missions to India and China: John of Monte Corvino 20.4 Dialogue: Ibn Kamm–na Part 6: Change and Contact in the Late Middle Ages, c. 1300-1500 Chapter 21 Dissent and Reform in Late Medieval Christendom 21.1 Views of the Papacy: Dante and Petrarch 21.2 The Great Schism and Conciliarism 21.3 A Lollard view of the Eucharist: Wycliff's Wicket Chapter 22 Diversity in Christianity: Late Medieval Spirituality 22.1 Contemplative Practice: John of Ruysbroeck 22.2 Anchoress: Julian of Norwich 22.3 Comforting the Condemned: Catherine of Siena 22.4 Divine Wisdom: Saint Gregory Palamas of Byzantium Chapter 23 Religious Expression: Ritual, Drama, and Story 23.1 Ritual: The Seven Sacraments explained by Pope Eugene IV 23.2 Drama: The Chester Cycle, The Last Judgment 23.3 Story: Great John in Russia Chapter 24 Cross-cultural Contact 24.1 The Black death and Jews: Jean de Venette and Jacob von K"nigshifen 24.2 Meeting other Christians: Travels of Quirini in Norway 24.3 The Imagined World: Mandeville's Travels, on Prester John 24.4 Classifying the Other: Columbus's Journal