• Began in 711 when Tarik the Berber crossed the Strait of Gibraltar from North Africa
    • Advancement checked in 732 in France by the army led by Charles Martel
      • The Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic Conquest of Spain
      • The Medieval Sourcebook: Tarik's Address to His Soldiers, 711
    A "horseshoe" arch in the older part of Toledo
    Forward/Back/Table of Contents