The Biological Paradigm

Behavior Genetics

The phenotype can change over time as a function of the interaction of genes and environment

Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Nerve Signaling

Brain Neurochemistry and Abnormal Behavior

neurotransmitter owing to changes in synthesis of the transmitter

Biological Approaches to Treatment

The Psychoanalytic Paradigm

(all behavior reflects unconscious conflicts and thus is abnormal; conflicts inevitable if humans live in modern civilization)

Freud’s Model of the Mind

* Psychodynamics = interactions of id, ego, & superego in effort to gratify needs

Psychosexual Development

(Oedipus and Electra complexes)

* Fixation of libido occurs when conflicts between id desires and environment insofar as id is either undergratified or overgratified

* Fixation results in permanent personality characteristics and NEUROTIC ANXIETY (vs. objective or realistic anxiety)

Defense Mechanisms

Essentials of Classic Psychoanalytic Therapy

Other Forms of Psychoanalysis

Humanistic/Existential

The humanistic paradigm does not focus on how problems develop in a person but on treatment

Assumptions of Roger’s Client-Centered Therapy

Self-actualization is an innate tendency to express innate needs and abilities

Client-Centered Therapy

what guides interpretation is unclear

Existential Therapy

Gestalt Therapy: Humanistic and Existential (Perls)

assumes people are innately good (humanism) but have problems if this virtue is denied (existential)

-I-language (take responsibility)

-Empty chair (speak to feelings, object, people, situations, etc.)

-Projection of feelings by imagination of object (to increase awareness)

-focus on nonverbal cues of emotions

Gestalt Therapy: Humanistic and Existential (Perls)

assumes people are innately good (humanism) but have problems if this virtue is denied (existential)

-I-language (take responsibility)

-Empty chair (speak to feelings, object, people, situations, etc.)

-Projection of feelings by imagination of emotional and neutral object (to increase awareness)

-focus on nonverbal cues of emotions such as tone of voice and physical behavior

Learning or Behavioral Paradigms

Behaviorism focuses on the study of observable behavior so that, unlike psychoanalytic and humanistic/existential approaches, the paradigm is testable

Classical Conditioning

= Pavlovian conditioning

by temporal association with

unconditioned stimuli (US),

new behaviors are learned

-US ------> UR (unconditioned

response)

-pair US with neutral stimulus and

it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)

-CS will elicit a CR

(conditoned response)

which is similar to the US

-acquire emotional responses and

involuntary behaviors

Operant Conditioning

Modeling

* more likely to imitate a model if the person:

-is similar to the model

-observes the model being reinforced

-perceives the model as coping

Behavior Therapy

-- Operant conditioning: learning a new response and contingency

-- Modeling (view models demonstrating desirable behavior)

-role playing with behavioral rehearsal

The Cognitive Paradigm

= schema or cognitive set

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

1-misattributions of why something happened

2-lack of control beliefs (e.g., helplessness, poor self-efficacy)

3-irrational assumptions & beliefs (e.g., catastrophizing):

-"I should be loved by everyone for everything I do"

-"Once something affects my life, it will affect it forever"

-"I should be terribly upset by dangerous situations