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The flowering
of colonial church architecture was a significant event in the history
of the Philippines. Geographic location, climate, materials, and the spontaneous
and improvisational attitude of the Filipinos created a kind of architecture
that was unique from Western architectural idioms. The result may not be
correct from a Western's point of view, but the indigenized styles are
correct in their own setting. The churches hardly impersonate European
or Mexican models; instead, they seem to charm each other.
![]() Sacred Homes
of the Ekklesia:
The Colonial Churches of the Philippines As
a recipient of a travel research scholarship from the School of Architecture
at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1995, I had a once-in-a-lifetime
opportunity to travel across the Philippine archipelago and visited some
of its renown colonial churches. The research scholarship was a culmination
of my fundamental curiosity towards Philippine culture and architecture--an
interest that matured into a mission of inquiry while in the School of
Architecture. To finally see such wonderful Spanish colonial churches in
their own unassuming settings; to experience their aura; and to touch with
my bare hands living monuments of a charged bygone era was an experience
that can 't be described in tangible terms.
My travel research topic traces back in 1989 when I visited an old colonial church in Paoay in the northern province of the Philippines. Although I was not yet in the School of Architecture at the time and was not quite familiar with the idioms of church architecture, I remember being dazzled by the church's enormous solid buttresses and wondered about their architectural significance. I also sensed something special about the church, maybe the way it stood proudly as a witness to the Filipino culture, or maybe because it evoked an architectural language that I had yet to learn. |
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hundreds of churches that were built throughout the Philippines were a
product of the missionary enterprise of the Spanish regime that began in
1521.
On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese-turned-Spanish navigator, reached the island of Homonhon in Samar, the easternmost island in the archipelago. Magellan's discovery of the archipelago was accidental; he was on a route westward across the Pacific in search of Oriental spices and the riches of the Indies. The Catholic religion was introduced in the islands as soon as the Spanish landed in Samar. In March 31, 1521, the first mass ever performed in the archipelago was held on the shore of Limasawa. This momentous event was signified by the planting of a wooden cross on a hill overlooking the sea. This cross would symbolize the first Christianization attempt of the islands by the Spanish missionaries. In a skirmish with the natives led by a chieftain named Lapulapu, Magellan was not to return to Spain alive. Three years after sailing from San Lucar where the voyage started, the remainder of Magellan's expedition team completed the first circumnavigation attempt of the globe. It was 22 years later when the archipelago was once more rediscovered by the Spanish, this time by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos. He claimed the archipelago under the Spanish rule and named it "Philippines" in honor of King Philip of Spain. The arrival of the Spanish General Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in February 1565, 44 years after Magellan's discovery of the islands, marked the beginning of Spanish influx in the new colony, most of them coming from New Spain or Mexico. This renewed interest in the archipelago was prompted by the |
orders of Philip II to the Viceroy of New Spain to Christianize the islands as well as to use it as a base for the spice trade in the region. The cross, along with the sword, ruled the new colony for almost 400 years. Throughout this period, the culture and way of life of the people in the archipelago took on a path that was dominantly controlled and determined by the Spanish conquistadors. Except for pockets and areas where there were very strong resistance against the colonizers, such as the people in the Cordillera region and in southern Mindanao, the natives eventually adapted to a Christian way of life. Other influences inevitably affected the course of life in the archipelago, including the form of government, economy, lifestyle, and educational system. Yet, the colonial atmosphere was very disadvantageous, often very painful and bitter, to the colonized people. To remedy the growing dissatisfaction of the people, the Spanish activated political, economic, and social reforms in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. While foreign education became accessible only to a privileged few--the illustrados--it had a paradoxical effect to the people's struggle for freedom from the colonizers. The illustrados became instrumental in revealing and articulating the atrocities of the Spanish regime. The nationalistic fever of a few natives spread throughout the country and led to numerous skirmishes against the Spanish authority. Finally, the nationalistic movement catapulted to the Philippine revolution of 1896. In 1899, the last of the Spanish fleet left the Philippines for the last time. Behind them, they left, among many irrevocable influences, hundreds of brick and stone churches throughout the archipelago. |