Jump to end for links to related documents

TURMOIL AMONG NATIONS: CONCEPT RECORDS


* Expressions in square brackets -- e.g., [TAN1] -- are hyperlinks that support jumps to a record where the intended concept is described and linked with terms available to designate it (others may be added) plus contexts illustrating its use, links to related concepts and to records that explain the onomantic methodology used here. Although hyperlinks for key concepts are repeated throughout this paper, there is no need for readers to use them unless they want to remind themselves of the special meanings assigned to key terms. In order to return to the text after viewing a concept record, please use the BACK button on NETSCAPE. To get the idea, try pressing [TANA] .

TERMINOLOGY: SOME EXAMPLES

The concept records which follow were prepared on the basis of an article, Turmoil among Nations to illustrate the bottom-up approach for compiling a Virtual Hypertext Glossary. Additional records drawn from other papers by Riggs or other authors can be linked to these using the same basic methods. For more information about this approach see the explanations linked with the Onomantics page, and especially the Annex to "Coming to Terms with Social Science." To discuss related problems, write to Fred Riggs.

************************************************************************************************

[TANA] The RATIONALE for Concept Records based on:

TURMOIL AMONG NATIONS

by Fred W. Riggs
Updated 3 September 1997

Summary of the Logic of this Exercise

NOTE: Although the material concerning ethic nationalism found in Tuormoil among Nations is particularly relevant for research on ethnicity, the methodology used here can be applied in any field. It can be used at the micro-level to organize and represent concepts found in any scholarly paper, and it applies to every subject or problem area. Although subsequent work has led to some refinement and simplificaitoon of this methodology, its basic principles remain valid: we need to identify concepts by their descriptions, relate them to each other in a systematic way, and find unambiguous terms to represent them -- these may include shelter terms which can be used precisely in context, although out of context, they are inescapably ambiguous. To overcome such ambiguity, therefore, more precise terms are also needed. For a fuller discussion of this approach, see the material linked at Onomantics

The concept records which follow have been derived from the text of the author's paper, "Turmoil among Nations" A Conceptual Essay," 1995 -- identified in the text as TAN. The numbers which head each record correspond to the endnotes in this paper (see links below) and the concept records [TAN1] to [TAN10] as listed in [TANB]. As serial numbers, they do not represent any logical structure. Other explanatory records include this starting file [TANA]. The systematic order of the recorded concepts will be found in [TANF]. The "cue cards" listed below provide points of access to the records. The endnotes offer more detailed discussion of each of the recorded concepts. A supplement identifies several related URLs where other information related to this project can be found.

CUE CARDS

Supplementary Information related to the onomantic methodology for displaying new concepts and terms introduced in a research paper can be found at:

[TANB] The Numerical CODES for each record

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

[TANC] The STRUCTURE OF RECORDS

Each record has five parts:

1. a code number -- use as a "button" to jump to the relevant record

2. a concept description -- a text providing interdependent descriptions of a concept, containing buttons for its entailed terms, i.e. for concepts identified in the linked records

3. terms that are or can be used for the described concept are marked as:

4. citations providing examples of usage and relevant additional information will be added later.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS


The rationaleof this exercise
The codes for each record
The structure of concept records
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text, Turmoil among Nations
The onomantic approach -- an explanation


****************************************************************************************************

[TAN1]

weak authoritarianism in an internationally recognized independent state linked with widespread anarchy throughout the country nominally under its jurisdiction

TAN01. "The prevalence of weak authoritarianism combined with anarchy in many of the new 'quasi-states' born from the collapse of modern empires provides the context" for predicting that "turmoil among nations will increase during the coming decades, but wars between states will almost vanish." "...anarchy and authoritarianism are complementary aspects of an all-too-common political syndrome that I think of...as anarchianism.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

[TAN2]

an internationally recognized sovereign political entity (or country)

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: state (this term has multiple meanings as in sub-states, like Hawaii; a political system as in "state vs. society," or a government); nation (often means an ethnic nation); nation state (often means a national state); sovereign state (may also mean a sub-state, as the "sovereign state of New York," plus several other conncepts)
  • ST: independent state

TAN01. "The name of the United Nations reflects the use of 'nation' as a synonym for 'state,' and only states are nations in the UN vocabulary." "Political scientists typically mean a state when they speak of a 'nation,' but anthropologists are more likely to mean an ethnic nation" when they use this word. "Since independent state is not used already as a conventional phrase and it lacks any other specific meaning, why not use it to refer to states that are legally recognized in the world system whenever state by itself might prove ambiguous?"

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

[TAN3]

an ethnic community whose members, at home and abroad, claim or exercise sovereignty

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: nation (may also refer to an independent state); national people (may also refer to an ethnic minority within a state)
  • ST: ethnic nation

NOTE: this concept presupposes an understanding of the term, ethnic, which may be defined as "any ascriptive property (such as language, religion, race, or ancestry) that marks members of one community as significantly different from others with whom they are in social contact" An ethnic community, therefore, includes any group of people who see themselves, and are seen by others, as being characterized by such a marker. Any member of such a community may also be spoken of as an ethnic.

TAN01. "...ethnic Hawaiians, Kurds, Armenians, Palestinians, Zulus and Pushtuns...think of themselves as 'nations' even though they are not recognized as states in the UN system."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

************************************************************************************************

[TAN3A]

members of an ethnic nation living in their homeland

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: ethnonation, [see Note],
  • ST: anaspora (homeland) nation

NOTE: Ethnonation, as now used, may be ambiguous. It can represent the broad concept of an ethnic nation, or the narrower one of an anaspora . Normally, however, "ethnonation" is used in the latter sense, for example, for communities like the Chechens in Chechnya (Russia), Quebecois in Quebec (Canada), Tibetans in Tibet (China), Hawaiians in Hawaii (USA). Whether or not their diaspora communities are included is usually not specified. However, in cases like the Tibetan, the diaspora community is today much more visible than the anaspora and would, therefore, probably be included in references to the "Tibetan ethnonation."

Discussion of "ethnic nationalism" typically presuppose the marginalization of ethnic nations whose leaders seek sovereignty. However, the term has also been used, though less often, it refer to dominant ethnic nations within a state, such as the Hungarians in Hungary, Burmese in Burma, Jews within Israel, Finns in Finland. To avoid ambiguity, we should use a phrase like dominant ethnonation to identify this specific concept. At the other extreme, an ethnonation may passively accept its marginalized status, as do the Amish in America, for example: they only ask to be left to themselves. We might call them passive ethnonations. The normal usage of "ethnonation", by contrast, implies marginalization and nationalistic aspirations. Indeed, it might be useful to stipulate that this term be used specifically to designate this type of ethnic nation, but I have not attempted to use it here only in this sense.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

[TAN3B]

members of an ethnic nation living outside their homeland

  • UT: diaspora
  • ET: dispersion (better used to identify only those members of a diaspora who have migrated from their homeland), secondary ethnic group (normally used to refer to immigrant communities seeking integration within the hostlands to which they have migrated)

NOTE: diasporas often include significantly different parts: e.g. Hungarians in Romania (an enclave) vs. Hungarians in Western Europe and the Americas (a dispersion). Members of the former may never have migrated, having been separated from their homeland by boundary changes, whereas members of the latter typically migrate from their homeland to a hostland.

Members of a diaspora may live within their home state or move to a host state -- e.g. Russians, within the Soviet Union, who migrated to non- Russian republics compared with those who left the USSR. Other distinctions are also needed: e.g. between refugees who flee their homeland vs. settlers who migrate voluntarily to occupy settlements outside their homeland. Settlements resemble primary ethnic groups insofar as they maintain a separate cultural and social identity in the host country.

By contrast, immigrants emigrate primarily for economic reasons and are typically willing to become naturalized citizens who are more or less integrated into the hostland society. They constitute what have been called secondary ethnic groups. Members of a dispersion as perceived in their host societies are secondary ethnic groups.

EKF397. "by 'secondary ethnic groups' we understand subgroups of the host society whose members participate directly in the host society in some dimensions..."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

************************************************************************************************************

[TAN4]

a community whose members claim or exercise sovereignty (including both independent states and ethnic nations)

NOTE: in context, fruit may be used to refer to apples or oranges. If the word had been captured to refer only to these specific varieties of fruit, we would need a phrase like fruit (generic) to show that we had the broader concept in mind. It would clarify our discourse if we could use nation unambiguously for the concept defined in generic nation rather than its more specific varieties as defined at independent state and ethnic nation. To overcome this difficulty, the phrase nation (generic), or some other equivalent term, could be used if necessary. Since both states and ethnic nations are "nations," why not restore this generic term to its broader meaning, a concept which has become strategically important in our post-imperial age?

TAN02. "I shall use nation only to mean any community of persons who define their political identity by exercising sovereignty or by claiming the right to exercise it. This definition includes all recognized states...plus any community of persons who claims sovereignty for their members."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

************************************************************************************************************

[TAN5]

a commitment to support, defend, or promote a generic nation

    UT: [none]
    ET: nationalism
    ST: nationalism (generic)

TAN03. "We need to see that modern imperialism was a logical consequence of the rise of nationalism and that the liberation of conquered peoples was its unavoidable consequence."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

***************************************************************************************************

[TAN5A]

generic nationalism that gives priority to support for an existing independent state

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: nationalism (may also be used to mean ethnic nationalism ); patriotism (may unintentionally imply zenophobia)
  • ST: state nationalism

TAN18. "Although state nationalism may imply no more than a benign commitment to support the integrity and welfare of an existing state, it can also be used to support assimilationist zeal, i.e. the expectation that members of ethnic minorities within a state should adopt the practices and attitudes that give priority to the obligations of citizenship above those of their own ethnic communities."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*************************************************************************************************************

[TAN5B]

generic nationalism that gives priority to support for an ethnic nation

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: nationalism (may also be used to mean state nationalism )
  • ST: ethnic nationalism

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

************************************************************************************************************

[TAN5BA]

ethnic nationalism expressed by residents of an ethnic homeland

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: ethnonationalism (sometimes also used for the broader concept of ethnic nationalism )
  • ST: anaspora (homeland) ethnonationalism

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

***********************************************************************************************************

[TAN5BB]

ethnic nationalism expressed by persons living outside an ethnic homeland to which they remain attached

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: [none]
  • ST: diaspora ethnic nationalism, dispersed ethnic nationalism

************************************************************************************************************

[TAN6]

the right of members of an ethnic community to decide for themselves whether or not they will become a nation

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: self-determination (may refer more broadly to any form of decisive action by members of a group)
  • ST: ethnonational self-determination

NOTE: in context, self-determination almost always has this meaning, but in other contexts it could refer to a personality trait or some other form of collective decisiveness. To avoid ambiguity, a phrase like ethnonational self-determination could be substituted.

TAN03. "...the new states which resulted are almost always heterogeneous multi-ethnic mixtures and their governments are weak and authoritarian, a formula that invites ethnonational revolts in the name of self-determination."

TAN19. "... a great movement for self-determination that will, increasingly, inspire disaffected minorities in many of the new states--and some of the older ones also--to struggle for recognition, sovereignty, independence or autonomy, and sometimes for boundary changes."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

************************************************************************************************

[TAN7]

an independent state whose citizens belong predominantly to a single ethnic nation

TAN03. "The long-term project of state-formation, democratization and industrialization in the West was...based, at first, on a struggle to unify feudal domains into powerful national states..."

TAN20. "...nation and nationalism are often used to refer to this concept, viewed as a prerequisite of democratic self-government. Francis (1976), for example, tells us that 'The proper functioning of democratic government requires the integration of the citizens into a viable societal unit which is achieved through the cultural homogenization of the state population'" (p.387).

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*********************************************************************************************

[TAN7A]

an independent state intent on transforming itself into a national state

NOTE: the nationalist movements of the 18-19th centuries were state dominated efforts to transform multi-cultural subjects into state nationalists.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*********************************************************************************************

[TAN8]

an ethnonation whose members live in a domain that has been partitioned between two or more independent states

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: divided nation (could also mean a state with territorially separated ethnonations, such as Cyprus or Bosnia; or a state containing ethnonations, such as the Russian Federation, the United States, India, Nigeria, South Africa)
  • ST: divided ethnonation, transtate ethnonation

TAN21. "...a divided ethnonation, -- also often called a divided nation -- is an ethnic nation partitioned among two or more states: e.g. North and South Korea; the People's Republic and Taiwan; the Kurds living in Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria; Russians in Russia and in Ukraine..."

TAN03. "...the peoples involved were not divided ethnonations, but distinct socio-cultural communities who became assimilated, after unification, to the language, life-style and culture of the dominant community and its elites."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*********************************************************************************************

[TAN9]

the properties of a generic nation

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: national (may also apply, more narrowly, to properties of an independent state or of an ethnic nation, and to persons possessing these properties -- i.e. to "nationals". In a completed form, a separate record would be needed for the concept of individual nationals, but it has been omitted here because the notion was not used in TAN.)
  • ST: national (generic)

TAN04. "These dynamics promoted national unification as both soldiers and students acquired the cultural norms and language spoken by the dominant elites." In this context, the term, "national" links the properties of an emerging state nation with those of an evolving ethnonation.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

**********************************************************************************************

[TAN9A]

nationals (generic) who identify themselves primarily as citizens of an independent state

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: patriots (may connote zenophobic loyalty to a state); nationals (may include non-citizens who are subjects of a state, and persons who are ethnic nationals
  • ST: state nationals

TAN22. "...we may distinguish between two kinds of nationals: those who are ethnic and others non-ethnic. If they identify themselves by their citizenship, then they are state nationals."

NOTE: Broadly speaking, nationals of a state include all citizens, but in some countries, "non-citizen residents" are referred to as "nationals." Because of its ambiguities, the word needs to be used with great caution.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*********************************************************************************************

[TAN9B]

nationals (generic) who identify themselves primarily as members of an ethnic nation

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: nationals (may also refer to state nationals)
  • ST: ethnic nationals

NOTE: Nationals is a word with several overlapping and confusing meanings. In this context, it can be used to refer to members of an ethnic nation (as here) or of a state nation.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

****************************************************************************************************

[TAN10]

nationals (generic) who actively support generic nationalism

NOTE: no doubt most people are preoccupied with a host of problems that impinge on their lives without concerning themselves about the identity or prospects of the independent stateorethnic nation with which they may be identified. Only some nationals (generic), therefore, are motivated to become nationalists at either the state or ethnic levels. TAN22. Nationalists are persons who place their commitment to a state or an ethnonation above their loyalty to any other collectivity."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*********************************************************************************************

[TAN10A]

nationalists (generic) whose loyalty is primarily to the independent state of which they are citizens

  • UT: [none]
  • ET: patriots (may also connote zenophobic hostility to other states); nationalists (may also mean homeland ethnonationalists )
  • ST: state nationalists

TAN22. "When one's loyalty focuses on an ethnonation, we may speak of ethnonationalism but when it pertains to the state of which one is a citizen, we may properly speak of state nationalism."

NOTE: members of an ethnic community are often state nationalists: their identification with their own ethnic community(ies) are subordinated to their attaachment to the state of which they are citizens. We may refer to them as civic ethnics.

TAN22. "...civic ethnics...give first place to their citizenship while retaining one or more ethnic identities as secondary attachments. They are simulatneously state nationals and ethnics, but not ethnonationalists."

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*********************************************************************************************

[TAN10B]

nationalists (generic) whose loyalty is primarily to an ethnic nation

NOTE: There are two kinds of ethnic nationalists distinguished by their residence at home: see homeland ethnonationalists or away from home: see diaspora ethnic nationalists . As used here, ethnic nationalists includes both homeland and diaspora nationalists.

TAN22. "...some American citizens give priority to their ethnic identity -- e.g., Hawaiians pressing for recognition of their sovereignty. They are ethnonationalists who also happen to be U.S. citizens but not state nationalists.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*********************************************************************************************

[TAN10BA]

ethnic nationalists living in their homeland whose loyalty is primarily to their ethnonation

  • UT: none?
  • ET: ??
  • ST: homeland ethnonationalists

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

*********************************************************************************************

[TAN10BB]

ethnic nationalists living in diaspora whose primary loyalty remains with their homeland

  • UT: none?
  • ET: none?
  • ST: diaspora ethnic nationalists

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

***********************************************************************************************

[TAND]: The BIBLIOGRAPHY

Esman, Milton J., 1994. Ethnic Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

EKF: Francis, E. K., 1976. Interethnic Relations. New York: Elsevier.

TAN: Riggs Fred W., 1995. "Turmoil among Nations: A Conceptual Essay." Unpublished paper.

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

************************************************************************************************

[TANE]:ALPHABETICAL INDEX of terms

CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

***********************************************************************************************

[TANF]: The CLASSIFIED HIERARCHY of concepts

      E. ENTITIES:

      • EE. INDIVIDUALS
        • nationals (generic) [tan9])
          • state nationals[tan9a]
          • ethnic nationals [tan9b]
        • nationalists (generic) [tan10]
      • EI. COLLECTIVITIES

      I. PROPERTIES

      • national (generic) [tan9]
        • nationalism (generic) [tan5]
          • ethnic nationalism [tan5b]
            • homeland ethnic nationalism, ethnonationalism[tan5ba]
            • diaspora ethnic nationalism,[tan5bb]
          • state nationalism[tan5a]
      • anarchianism [tan1] -- (related to democracy, authoritarianism, anarchy, etc.)

      O. ACTIVITIES OR PROCESSES

      • ethnonational self-determination [tan6]



CUE CARDS AND TEXTS

************************************************************************************************

For the rest of TURMOIL AMONG NATIONS see:
[] introduction || text || endnotes - 1 || endnotes - 2 || bibliography []

See linked pages: [] Onomantics || Ethnicity || ETHNIC-L

and the Glossary for a symmposium on "ETHNIC NATIONALISM AND THE WORLD SYSTEMIC CRISIS"

Return to top of this page or click here for Home Page links:

Personal Autobio Pub Ad GRD Globalization Concepts Ethnicity ETHNIC-L COCTA Onoma. COVICO Choices Impeach
SITES		 Search Engines

Updated: 9 August 1999

Return to top of this page