TURMOIL AMONG NATIONS: Concept Records

TERMINOLOGY: SOME EXAMPLES

The concept records which follow were prepared on the basis of an article, Turmoil among Nations to illustrate the bottom-up approach for compiling a Virtual Hypertext Glossary. Additional records drawn from other papers by Riggs or other authors can be linked to these using the same basic methods. For more information about this approach see the explanations linked with the Onomantics page. To discuss related problems, write to Fred Riggs

[TANA] The RATIONALE for

Concepts used in TURMOIL AMONG NATIONS

by Fred W. Riggs

Updated 3 Feb. 1997

Summary of the Logic of this Exercise

The concept records which follow have been derived from the text of the author's paper, "Turmoil among Nations" A Conceptual Essay," 1995 -- identified in the text as "TAN". The numbers which head each record correspond to the endnotes in this paper -- see [TAN1] to [TAN10] as listed in [TANB]. Like serial numbers, they do not represent any logical structure. Other explanatory records include this starting file [TANA]. A hyperlink to the text of the paper will be added later. The systematic order of the recorded concepts will be found in [TANF]. The explanatory records are listed here, and repeated in each of the following records. A supplement identifies several related URLs in which other information related to this project can be found.

TANB contains the codes for each record

TANC explains the structure of each record

TAND contains a bibliography

TANE gives an alphabetical index of terms

TANF provides the classified hierarchy of concepts

Supplementary Information relating to conceptual records can be found at these locations:
An explanation of the onomantic methodology used here will be added later
Some examples taken from the original INTERCOCTA GLOSSARY for Ethnicity Researc, 1985, as put into hypertext by Matti Malkia, in Tampere, Finland
A continuing discourse and archives on the uses of a hyperglossary in the VHG Archives created by Peter Murray-Rust and colleagues, in UK
A useful compilation of relevant data in the Terminology Forum created by Anita Nuopponen at Waasa, Finland
Some more related data prepared by Johann Stockinger at the University of Vienna, in consultation with Gerhard Budin at INFOTERM

******************************************************************** FRED W. RIGGS, Professor Emeritus
Political Science Department, University of Hawaii
2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.
Phone: (808) 956-8123 Fax: (808) 956-6877
e-mail: FREDR@UHUNIX.UHCC.HAWAII.EDU
Web Page: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~fredr

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[TANB] The Numerical CODES for each record

[tan1] anarchianism
[tan2] independent state
[tan3] ethnic nation
[tan3a] ethnonation
[tan3b] diaspora
[tan4] generic nation
[tan5] generic nationalism
[tan5a] state nationalism
[tan5b] ethnic nationalism
[tan5ba] homeland ethnonationalism
[tan5bb] diaspora ethnic nationalism
[tan6] ethnonational self-determination
[tan7] national state
[tan7a] state nation
[tan8] divided ethnonation
[tan9] nationals (generic)
[tan9a] state nationals
[tan9b] ethnic nationals
[tan10] nationalists (generic)
[tan10a] state nationalists
[tan10b] ethnic nationalists
[tan10ba] homeland ethnonationalists
[tan10bb] rationale of this exercise
The concept records
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]

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[TANC] The STRUCTURE OF RECORDS

Each record has five parts:

1. a code number -- use as a "button" to jump to the relevant record

2. a concept description -- a text providing interdependent descriptions of a concept, containing buttons for its entailed terms, i.e. for concepts identified in the linked records

3. terms that are or can be used for the described concept are marked as:

UT (Unequivocal Terms) have only one meaning in their context of use
ET (Equivocal Terms) have two or more meanings in the same context of use
ST (Suggested Terms) could be used unambiguously

4. citations and/or notes providing examples of usage and relevant additional information [to add]

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]

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[TAN1]

weak authoritarianism in an internationally recognized independent state linked with widespread anarchy throughout the country nominally under its jurisdiction

UT: [none]
ET: quasi-state (as defined by Robert Jackson, the weakness of a state is intended -- it may or may not be authoritarian, and it may or may not be associated with widespread anarchy)
ST: anarchianism, weak authoritarianism combined with anarchy,

TAN01. "The prevalence of weak authoritarianism combined with anarchy in many of the new 'quasi-states' born from the collapse of modern empires provides the context" for predicting that "turmoil among nations will increase during the coming decades, but wars between states will almost vanish." "...anarchy and authoritarianism are complementary aspects of an all-too-common political syndrome that I think of...as anarchianism.

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]

*****************************************************************************

[TAN2]

an internationally recognized sovereign political entity (or country)

UT: [none]
ET: state (this term has multiple meanings as in sub-states, like Hawaii; a political system as in "state vs. society," or a government); nation (often means an ethnic nation); nation state (often means a national state); sovereign state (may also mean a sub-state, as the "sovereign state of New York," plus several other conncepts)
ST: independent state

TAN01. "The name of the United Nations reflects the use of 'nation' as a synonym for 'state,' and only states are nations in the UN vocabulary." "Political scientists typically mean a state when they speak of a 'nation,' but anthropologists are more likely to mean an ethnic nation" when they use this word. "Since independent state is not used already as a conventional phrase and it lacks any other specific meaning, why not use it to refer to states that are legally recognized in the world system whenever state by itself might prove ambiguous?"

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[TAN3]

an ethnic community whose members, at home and abroad, claim or exercise sovereignty

UT: [none]
ET: nation (may also refer to an independent state); national people (may also refer to an ethnic minority within a state)
ST: ethnic nation

NOTE: this concept presupposes an understanding of the term, ethnic, which may be defined as "any ascriptive property (such as language, religion, race, or ancestry) that marks members of one community as significantly different from others with whom they are in social contact" An ethnic community, therefore, includes any group of people who see themselves, and are seen by others, as being characterized by such a marker. Any member of such a community may also be spoken of as an ethnic.

TAN01. "...ethnic Hawaiians, Kurds, Armenians, Palestinians, Zulus and Pushtuns...think of themselves as 'nations' even though they are not recognized as states in the UN system."

The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]

*****************************************************************************

[TAN3A]

members of an ethnic nation living in their homeland

UT: [none]
ET: ethnonation, [see Note], primary ethic group (may also mean a self- sufficient ethnic community) or ethnos
ST: homeland nation

NOTE: ethnonation is now used often enough so that it may be ambiguous. For example, it can represent the broader concept of an ethnic nation. To avoid ambiguity, a new term like homeland nation might be considered: however, "ethnonation" will not easily be understood as a precise equivalent for this concept.

More frequently, ethnonation is used for a narrower concept, notably to refer to nationalistic minorities like the Chechens in Chechnya (Russia), Quebecois in Quebec (Canada), Tibetans in Tibet (China), Hawaiians in Hawaii (USA). Because their activists demand sovereignty or independence, we could refer to them without ambiguity as nationalistic ethnonations, but in context we can also, unambiguously, just call them ethnonations, since this is the most common meaning of the word.

However, the term sometimes. though less often, includes dominant communities within a state, such as the Hungarians in Hungary, Burmese in Burma, Jews within Israel, Finns in Finland. To avoid ambiguity, we should use a phrase like dominant ethnonation to identify this specific concept. At the other extreme, an ethnonation may passively accept its marginalized status, as do the Amish in America, for example: they only ask to be left to themselves. We might call them passive ethnonations or, borrowing from Francis (1976) primary ethnic groups.

EKF397. "By 'primary ethnic groups' we understand viable corporate units which, after their transfer from the parent to the host society, tend to continue to function in the host society as closed subsocieties able to satisfy the basic needs of their members."

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[TAN3B]

members of an ethnic nation living outside their homeland

UT: diaspora
ET: dispersion (better used to identify only those members of a diaspora who have migrated from their homeland), secondary ethnic group (normally used to refer to immigrant communities seeking integration within the hostlands to which they have migrated)

NOTE: diasporas often include significantly different parts: e.g. Hungarians in Romania (an enclave) vs. Hungarians in Western Europe and the Americas (a dispersion). Members of the former may never have migrated, having been separated from their homeland by boundary changes, whereas members of the latter typically migrate from their homeland to a hostland.

Members of a diaspora may live within their home state or move to a host state -- e.g. Russians, within the Soviet Union, who migrated to non- Russian republics compared with those who left the USSR. Other distinctions are also needed: e.g. between refugees who flee their homeland vs. settlers who migrate voluntarily to occupy settlements outside their homeland. Settlements resemble primary ethnic groups insofar as they maintain a separate cultural and social identity in the host country.

By contrast, immigrants emigrate primarily for economic reasons and are typically willing to become naturalized citizens who are more or less integrated into the hostland society. They constitute what have been called secondary ethnic groups. Members of a dispersion as perceived in their host societies are secondary ethnic groups.

EKF397. "by 'secondary ethnic groups' we understand subgroups of the host society whose members participate directly in the host society in some dimensions..."

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[TAN4]

a community whose members claim or exercise sovereignty (including both independent states and ethnic nations])

UT: [none]
ET: nation (may refer to an independent state or to an ethnic nation but usually not to both at once)
ST: nation (generic)

NOTE: in context, fruit may be used to refer to apples or oranges. If the word had been captured to refer only to these specific varieties of fruit, we would need a phrase like fruit

(generic) to show that we had the broader concept in mind. It would clarify our discourse if we could use nation unambiguously for the concept defined in generic nation rather than its more specific varieties as defined at independent state and ethnic nation. To overcome this difficulty, the phrase nation

(generic), or some other equivalent term, could be used if necessary. Since both states and ethnic nations are "nations," why not restore this generic term to its broader meaning, a concept which has become strategically important in our post-imperial age?

TAN02. "I shall use nation only to mean any community of persons who define their political identity by exercising sovereignty or by claiming the right to exercise it. This definition includes all recognized states...plus any community of persons who claims sovereignty for their members."

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[TAN5]

a commitment to support, defend, or promote a generic nation

TAN03. "We need to see that modern imperialism was a logical consequence of the rise of nationalism and that the liberation of conquered peoples was its unavoidable consequence."

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[TAN5A]

generic nationalism that gives priority to support for an existing independent state

UT: [none]
ET: nationalism (may also be used to mean ethnic nationalism )); patriotism (may unintentionally imply zenophobia)
ST: state nationalism

TAN18. "Although state nationalism may imply no more than a benign commitment to support the integrity and welfare of an existing state, it can also be used to support assimilationist zeal, i.e. the expectation that members of ethnic minorities within a state should adopt the practices and attitudes that give priority to the obligations of citizenship above those of their own ethnic communities."

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[TAN5b]

generic nationalism that gives priority to support for an ethnic nation

UT: [none]
ET: nationalism (may also be used to mean state nationalism )
ST: ethnic nationalism

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[TAN5ba]

ethnic nationalism expressed by residents of an ethnic homeland

UT: [none]
ET: ethnonationalism (sometimes also used for the broader concept of ethnic nationalism )
ST: homeland ethnonationalism

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[TAN5bb]

ethnic nationalism expressed by persons living outside an ethnic homeland to which they remain attached

UT: [none]
ET: [none]
ST: diaspora ethnic nationalism, dispersed ethnic nationalism

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generic nation

UT: [none]
ET: self-determination (may refer more broadly to any form of decisive action by members of a group)
ST: ethnonational self-determination

NOTE: in context, self-determination almost always has this meaning, but in other contexts it could refer to a personality trait or some other form of collective decisiveness. To avoid ambiguity, a phrase like ethnonational self-determination could be substituted.
TAN03. "...the new states which resulted are almost always heterogeneous multi-ethnic mixtures and their governments are weak and authoritarian, a formula that invites ethnonational revolts in the name of self-determination."
TAN19. "... a great movement for self-determination that will, increasingly, inspire disaffected minorities in many of the new states--and some of the older ones also--to struggle for recognition, sovereignty, independence or autonomy, and sometimes for boundary changes."

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add] >
**************************************
[TAN7]

an independent state whose citizens belong predominantly to a single ethnic nation

UT: national state
ET: nation state (can also mean an independent state; or a state nation ); nation (can also mean an ethnic nation)

TAN03. "The long-term project of state-formation, democratization and industrialization in the West was...based, at first, on a struggle to unify feudal domains into powerful national states...
TAN20. "...nation and nationalism are often used to refer to this concept, viewed as a prerequisite of democratic self-
government. Francis (1976), for example, tells us that "The proper functioning of democratic government requires the integration of the citizens into a viable societal unit which is achieved through the cultural homogenization of the state population" (p.387).

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add] >
*
[TAN7A]

an independent state intent on transforming itself into a national state

UT: [none]
ET: nation state (can also mean an independent state or a national state )
ST: state nation

NOTE: the nationalist movements of the 18-19th centuries were state dominated efforts to transform multi-cultural subjects into state nationalists.

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add] > P>*
[TAN8]

an ethnonation whose members live in a domain that has been partitioned between two or more independent states

UT: [none]
ET: divided nation (could also mean a state with territorially separated ethnonations, such as Cyprus or Bosnia; or a state containing ethnonations, such as the Russian Federation, the United States, India, Nigeria, South Africa)
ST: divided ethnonation, transtate ethnonation

TAN21. "...a divided ethnonation, -- also often called a divided nation -- is an ethnic nation partitioned among two or more states: e.g. North and South Korea; the People's Republic and Taiwan; the Kurds living in Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria; Russians in Russia and in Ukraine..."
TAN03. "...the peoples involved were not divided ethnonations, but distinct socio-cultural communities who became assimilated, after unification, to the language, life-style and culture of the dominant community and its elites."

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add] >

[TAN9]

the properties of a generic nation

UT: [none]
ET: national (may also apply, more narrowly, to properties of an independent state or of an ethnic nation, and to persons possessing these properties -- i.e. to "nationals". In a completed form, a separate record would be needed for the concept of individual nationals, but it has been omitted here because the notion was not used in TAN.)
ST: national (generic)

TAN04. "These dynamics promoted national unification as both soldiers and students acquired the cultural norms and language spoken by the dominant elites." In this context, the term, "national" links the properties of an emerging state nation with those of an evolving ethnonation.

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add] >
*
[TAN9A]

nationals (generic) who identify themselves primarily as citizens of an independent state

UT: [none]
ET: patriots (may connote zenophobic loyalty to a state); nationals (may include non-citizens who are subjects of a state, and persons who are ethnic nationals
ST: state nationals

TAN22. "...we may distinguish between two kinds of nationals: those who are ethnic and others non-ethnic. If they identify themselves by their citizenship, then they are state nationals."

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add] >
*
[TAN9B]

nationals (generic) who identify themselves primarily as members of an ethnic nation

UT: [none]
ET: nationals (may also refer to state nationals)
ST: ethnic nationals
[to be added]
*

[TAN10]

nationals (generic) who actively support generic nationalism

UT: [none]
ET: nationalists (usually refers either to supporters of state nationalism or of ethnic nationalism , but not both or either)
ST: nationalists (generic)

NOTE: no doubt most people are preoccupied with a host of problems that impinge on their lives without concerning themselves about the identity or prospects of the independent state orethnic nation with which they may be identified. Only some nationals (generic), therefore, are motivated to become nationalists at either the state or ethnic levels. TAN22. Nationalists are persons who place their commitment to a state or an ethnonation above their loyalty to any other collectivity."

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]

[TAN10A]

nationalists (generic) whose loyalty is primarily to the independent state of which they are citizens

UT: [none]
ET: patriots (may also connote zenophobic hostility to other states); nationalists (may also mean homeland ethnonationalists )
ST: state nationalists

TAN22. "When one's loyalty focuses on an ethnonation, we may speak of ethnonationalism but when it pertains to the state of which one is a citizen, we may properly speak of state nationalism."
NOTE: members of an ethnic community are often state nationalists: their identification with their own ethnic community(ies) are subordinated to their attaachment to the state of which they are citizens. We may refer to them as civic ethnics.
TAN22. "...civic ethnics...give first place to their citizenship while retaining one or more ethnic identities as secondary attachments. They are simulatneously state nationals and ethnics, but not ethnonationalists."

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]
**********************************
[TAN10b]

nationalists (generic) whose loyalty is primarily to an ethnic nation

UT: ethnic nationalists
ET: nationalists (may also refer to state nationalists ); ethnonationalists (usually refer only to homeland ethnonationalists )

NOTE: There are two kinds of ethnic nationalists distinguished by their residence at home: see homeland ethnonationalists or away from home: see diaspora ethnic nationalists . As used here, ethnic nationalists includes both homeland and diaspora nationalists.

TAN22. "...some American citizens give priority to their ethnic identity -- e.g., Hawaiians pressing for recognition of their sovereignty. They are ethnonationalists who also happen to be U.S. citizens but not state nationalists.

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[TAN10ba]

ethnic nationalists living in their homeland whose loyalty is primarily to their ethnonation

UT: none?

ET: ??

ST: homeland ethnonationalists

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[TAN10bb]

ethnic nationalists living in diaspora whose primary loyalty remains with their homeland

UT: none?

ET: none?

ST: diaspora ethnic nationalists

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[TAND] The BIBLIOGRAPHY

Esman, Milton J., 1994. Ethnic Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

EKF: Francis, E. K., 1976. Interethnic Relations. New York: Elsevier.

TAN: Riggs Fred W., 1995. "Turmoil among Nations: A Conceptual Essay." Unpublished paper.

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The alphabetical index of terms
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]

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[TANE] The ALPHABETICAL INDEX of terms

anarchianism [tan1]
diaspora [tan3b]
diaspora ethnic nationalism [tan5bb]
diaspora ethnic nationalists [tan8]
ethnic nation [tan3]
ethnic nationals [tan9b]
ethnic nationalism [tan5b]
ethnic nationalists [tan10b]
ethnonation [tan3a]
ethnonationals [tan9b]
homeland ethnonationalism [tan5ba]
homeland ethnonationalists [tan10ba]
homeland nation ethnonation [tan3a]
independent state [tan2]
nation (generic) [tan4]
national state [tan7]
nationalism (generic) [tan5]
nationalists (generic) [tan10]
nationals (generic) [tan9]
self-determination [tan6]
state independent state [tan2]
state nation [tan7a]
state nationalism [tan5a]
state nationalists [tan10a]
The state nationals [tan9a]

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The classified hierarchy of concepts
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]
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[TANF] The CLASSIFIED HIERARCHY of concepts

E. ENTITIES:

EE. INDIVIDUALS
- nationals (generic) [tan9])
  - state nationals[tan9a]
  - ethnic nationals [tan9b]
    - ethnonationals [tan9b]
- nationalists (generic) [tan10]
  - state nationalists [tan10a]
  - ethnic nationalists [tan10b]
    - homeland ethnonationalists [tan10ba]
    - diaspora ethnic nationalists [tan10bb]>
EI. COLLECTIVITIES
- nation (generic) [tan4]
- independent state [tan2]
  - state nation [tan7a]
  - national state [tan7]
- ethnic nation[tan3]
  - homeland nation, ethnonation [tan3a]
  - diaspora[tan3b],
  - divided ethnonation

I. PROPERTIES

national (generic) [tan9]
- nationalism (generic) [tan5]
  - ethnic nationalism [tan5b]
    - homeland ethnic nationalism, ethnonationalism[tan5ba]
    - diaspora ethnic nationalism,[tan5bb]
  - state nationalism[tan5a]
anarchianism [tan1] -- (related to democracy, authoritarianism, anarchy, etc.)

O. ACTIVITIES OR PROCESSES

ethnonational self-determination [tan6]

The rationale of this exercise
The codes for each record
The structureof each record
The bibliography
The alphabetical index of terms
The source text (Turmoil among Nations) [to add]
The onomantic approach -- an explanation [to add]

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