VIII
  1. Silla (Shilla)

For a long time Silla has held central place in the realm of ancient Korean historiography, which explains the relative abundance on articles on Silla compared with Paekche and Koguryô, not to mention Kaya or Palhae. Such a "Silla-centrist" view has a long pedigree and has many contributing factors. One obvious one concerns the old adage, ‘the victor writes the history’. It was Silla that overcame its rivals to unite the peninsula (some argue only the southern portion) in 668. As "first unifier" Silla gained an ipso facto legitimacy as the original "Korean" state, a common thread running down to our own day, but first made manifest in Kim Pu-sik’s (1075-1151) Samguk sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms, 1145). In the last century two primary factors have played a role in dispersing historical inquiry away from Silla somewhat. One is the emergence of nationalism. At the end of the last century Korean scholars began to search for Korean roots and Korean accomplishments outside of Silla alone. Koguryô, with its illustrious martial history, was an obvious new focus of inquiry. Paekche’s artistic and religious contributions to ancient East Asian culture was another. The other factor was the adoption of modern, Western style historiography by Asian scholars. This ostensibly meant a reliance upon empirical facts and the study of history for history’s sake. All aspects of the past, and not only the dynastic history of the "legitimate" state, became worthwhile subjects. But there is no denying that the history of Silla is still the most popular focus of scholars of ancient Korea. This has not only to do with Silla’s tremendously rich culture but the relative abundance of archaeological and textual remains for that state, compared to Paekche or Koguryô.


Adams, Edward B. Korea's Golden Age: Cultural Spirit of Silla in Kyongju (revised edition). Seoul: Seoul International Publishing House, 1991.

Ahn, Kye-hyôn. "Introduction of Buddhism to Korea." In Lewis R. Lancaster and C.S. Yu, eds. Introduction of Buddhism to Korea, New Cultural Patterns. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1989.

Akima, Toshio. "The Myth of the Goddess of the Undersea World and the Tale of Empress Jingu's Subjugation of Silla." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 20:2-3 (September 1993): 95-185.

Banaschak, Peter. Worthy Ancestors and Succession to the Throne: On the Office Ranks of the King's Ancestors in Early Silla Society. Munster: LIT-Verlag, 1997

Best, Jonathan W. "Redating the Earliest Silla-related Entries in the 'Paekche Annals' of the Samguk sagi." Sanggosa 21 (1996:4): 147-172.

Cho, Yu-jon. "Excavations at the Ruined Hwangnyong-sa Temple Site and the Unearthing of a ch'imi." Korea Journal 23:9 (Sept 1983): 56-62.

Chon, Syngboc. "Recent Excavations from Silla (57 B.C. - 668): Tombs in the Kyongju Area." Asian and Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs 7:1 (Summer 1975): 41-44.

Haguenauer, Charles. "Note sur l’existence d’un culte du coq à Silla." Bulletin de la Maison franco-japonaise (1931).

Han, Byong-sam. "Ancient Silla Tumuli Objects." Arts of Asia (Hong Kong) 11:4 (Jul-Aug 1981): 113-119.

Ito, Akio. Zur Chronologie der frühsillazeitlichen Gräber in Südkorea. [Towards a Chronology of Early Silla Period Graves in South Korea.] München: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1971.

Kim, Chin. "The Silla Village Registers and Korean Legal History: A Preliminary Inquiry." Korean Journal of Comparative Law 7 (November 1979): 99-127.

Kim, Chong Sun. "The Kolp’um System: Basis for Sillan Social Stratification." Journal of Korean Studies 1(2)(January-June 1971):43-69.

Kim, Hak-sông. "Hyangga and the Hwarang." Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 10 (1997): 19-44.

Kim, Won-yong. "Clay Figurines of Old Silla." Korea Journal 8:4 (April 1968): 4-7, 18.

Kim, Won-yong. "Recent Discoveries in the Archaeology of Silla and Kaya." In Sang-bok Han and Kwang-ok Kim, eds. Traditional Cultures of the Pacific Societies: Continuity and Change. Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 1990.

Kim, Won-yong. "Studies on Silla Pottery". Ph.D. dissertation, New York: 1959. 237pp.

Lee, Ki-baik. "Early Silla Buddhism and the Power of the Aristocracy." In Lewis R. Lancaster and C.S. Yu, eds. Introduction of Buddhism to Korea, New Cultural Patterns. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1989.

Lee, Ki-dong. "The Silla Society and Hwarang Corps." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 65 (June 1987): 1-16.

Li, Ogg. "Pak Hyôkkôse." Annuaire de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études-Ve section (Paris), 80(1971-1972).

Mohan, Pankaj N. "Shamanic Buddhism of Early Shilla." In Sang-Oak Lee and Duk-Soo Park, eds. Perspectives on Korea. Sydney: Wild Peony, 1998.

Nelson, Sarah M. "Gender Hierarchies and the Queens of Silla." In B.D. Miller, ed. Sex and Gender Hierarchies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Nelson, Sarah M. "Roots of Animism in Korea: From the Earliest Inhabitants to the Silla Kingdom." In Ho-Youn Kwon, ed. Korean Cultural Roots: Religion and Social Thoughts. Chicago: Integrated Technical Resources, 1995.

Nelson, Sarah M. "The Statuses of Women in Ko-Shilla: Evidence from Archaeology and Historical Documents." Korea Journal 31:2 (Summer 1991): 101-107.

Pankaj, Narendra M. "The Buddhist Transformation of Silla Kingship: Buddha as a King and King as a Buddha." Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 70 (1995): 15-35.

Pankaj, Narendra M. "The Life and Times of the Silla King Chinhung: Asoka as a Role Model." Korean Culture 17:1 (Spring 1996): 12-23.

Pearson, Richard J. "Some Recent Studies in the Chronology and Social Development of Old Silla." In Mikami Tsugio hakase kiju kinen rombunshu hensan iinkai, ed. Mikami Tsugio hakase kiju kinen rombunshu. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1985.

Pearson, Richard J., Jong-wook Lee, Wonyoung Koh, and Anne Underhill. "Social Ranking in the Kingdom of Old Silla, Korea: Analysis of Burials." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8:1 (March 1989): 1-50.

Rogers, Michael C. "The Thanatochronology of Some Kings of Silla." Monumenta Serica 19(1960):335-348.

Rutt, Richard. "The Flower Boys of Silla." Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 37(October 1961):1-66.

Sasse, Werner. "The Shilla Stone Inscription from Naengsu-ri, Yongil-gun." Korea Journal 31:3 (Autumn 1991): 31-53.

Tikhonov, Vladimir. "Hwarang Organization: Its Functions and Ethics." Korea Journal 38:2 (Summer 1998): 318-338.

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