IV

  1. Proto-Three Kingdoms

Early Korean PeninsulaThere is no consensus on the applicability of the term "proto-three kingdoms" to refer to the political state of affairs in the centuries before the emergence of the three primary Korean states – Silla, Paekche, and Koguryô. Nevertheless, the term is retained here for organizational purposes. It applies to that period extending from roughly the first to the fourth century CE, when the three kingdoms emerge as definitive centralized monarchies and hegemons in their respective portions of the peninsula. It is a period when Koguryô would emerge to eventually overcome the Han Chinese commandery at Lolang and become the most powerful state in the region, and when Paekche and Silla would emerge from out of the south Han tribes on the Korean peninsula.

Barnes, Gina L. "Early Korean States: A Review of Historical Interpretation." In Gina L. Barnes, ed. Bibliographical Review of Far Eastern Archaeology 1990: Hoabinhian, Jomon, Yayoi, Early Korean States. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1990.

Barnes, Gina L. "Mahan, Paekche and State Formation on the Korean Peninsula." In Mahan munhwa yonguso ui chemunje. Cholla Namdo, Korea: Wongwang taehakkyo Mahan Paekche munhwa yonguso, 1989.

Kim, Jung-bae. "Characteristics of Mahan in Ancient Korean Society." Korea Journal 14:6 (June 1974): 4-10.

Kim, Jung-bae. "Formation of Ethnic Korean Nation and Coming of Its Ancient Kingdom States." Korea Journal 27:4 (April 1987): 33-39.

Kim, Jung-bae. "The Question of Horse-Riding People in Korea (I), (II)." Korea Journal 18:9 (September 1978): 39-50; 18:11 (November 1978): 41-52.

Lee, Ki-baik. "The Crime of Jealousy in Puyo." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 18(June 1963):72-78.

Rhee, Song Nai. "Huanren-Jian Region Prior to the Formation of Koguryô State from Archaeological Perspectives." In Ancient Cultures of Northeast Asia: Their Origins and Development, Iri: Wongwang University, 1992.

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