X.
Parhae (Chinese:
Pohai)
Parhae (Chinese, Pohai/Bohai) describes a state that was
formed following the fall of Koguryô in 668 CE by remnants of both that
state and ethnicites native to the region in which it formed, that area
stretching all the way from roughly modern Pyongyang, to include present day
North Korea and the greater part of Eastern Manchuria and the Primorye region
of Russian Siberia. The state
maintained relations with the Chinese Tang dynasty (618-907), Japan, and Unified
Silla until its demise, following soon upon the fall of the Chinese Tang dynasty, in 926
CE. The ethnicity of the Parhae people, and
the debate over which “national story” may rightfully claim Parhae as a chapter, is
a controversial one between Chinese and Korean (particularly South Korean)
historians. For obvious reasons, the
topic is also popular among Russian scholars.
Boldin, Vladislav I. “The Bohai
Sites in Primorye.” Rossiia i ATR 3 (1994): 85-92.
Brodiansky, D.L., V.I. Boldin,
I.S. Zhushchikhovskaya, and Yu. G. Nikitin. “Archaeology of Russian Primorye at
the Beginning of the 90 [degree].” Mahan-Paekche yongu 13 (1993):
105-140.
Henthorn,
William E. “Some Notes on Parhae.” Transactions
of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 37(1961):65-81.
Mikami, Tsugio. “Some Thoughts
on the Kingdom of Po-hai: Mainly on the Cultural Relations between Koguryo and
Po-hai.” In Proceedings International Symposium Commemorating the 30th
Anniversary of Korean Liberation. Seoul: National Academy of Sciences,
1975.
Noh,
Tae-don. “Study of the Contact between the Peoples of Koguryô-Parhae and Inner
Asian Countries.” Seoul Journal of Korean
Studies 10 (1997): 81-94.
Shavkunov, Ernest V. “The
Sogdians' Sable Way.” Rossiia i ATR 3 (1994): 78-84.
Shavkunov, Ernest V. “Russian
Studies on Bohai: A Seventh-Tenth Century Kingdom in Northeast Asia.” Asian
Research Trends: A Humanities and Social Sciences Review 6 (1996): 97-105.
Song,
Ki-Ho. “Several Questions in Studies on the History of Palhae.” Korea Journal 25:6(June 1990):65-81.
Song, Ki-ho. “Current Trends in
the Research of Palhae History.” Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 3
(December 1990): 157-174.
Song, Ki-ho. "The Dual Status of Parhae: Kingdom and Empire". Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 12 (1999):104-123.
Yi,
U-song. “A Study of the
Period of the Northern and Southern States.” Korea Journal 17:1 (January
1977): 28-33.