That ancient Korea had ties with the Japanese archipelago is in itself beyond doubt. The peninsula would serve as a conduit of both Chinese culture and intellectual climate, as well as native peninsular culture, to the Japanese islands. It is the full nature of that relationship, however, that garners so much controversy between Japanese and Korean historians. As noted earlier, a particular bone of contention is the idea of a "Japanese" sphere of influence, indeed colony, in southern Korea - something Japanese historians refer to as Mimana Nihonfu, or the "Japanese Kaya administration". This situation, if it did indeed exist, was in the 4th century. Japanese historians maintain direct Japanese control ceased in the early 5th century with the expansion of the Three Kingdoms. Koreans almost unanimously decry the idea at all. Besides the early Japanese histories themselves (written under court order at least 350 years after the events they purportedly describe), the only potential tangible proof of the Mimana Nihonfu is the inscription on the early 5th century King Kwanggaet'o Stele (see Puyô-Koguryô), and the single line inscription on the "seven branched sword" (Murayama and Miller, 1975). But varying versions of the translated inscriptions exist, falling to no surprise along modern national lines. The Koreans for their part have taken warmly to the so-called "Horserider Theory", first proposed by Namio Egami (Egami, 1964), which postulates a continental (read Korean) invasion of Japan by horseriders in the late 4th/early 5th century. This too has attracted much publicity (see various articles here), with the current trend running against the theory. But these are but a few aspects of the complex and multi-faceted nature of Japanese-Korean relations in the ancient period. Paekche and the Yamato court also maintained a close alliance starting from the fifth century, with Paekche princes even serving stints at the Yamato court. What must be said, however, is that the modern reader should approach the subject with caution. Contemporary national sympathies and emotions charge the subject into opposing poles. Know who wrote the piece you may be reading and take it from there.
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