This section deals with the general culture and history of Korea’s so-called "Three Kingdoms Era" [samguk sidae], a period spanning ca. 100 - 668 CE, the year in which the southernmost kingdom of Silla (Shilla) succeeded in unifying the peninsula under its rule. Emphasis is now placed, by historians North and South, on peninsula. With the defeat of Koguryô by Silla in 668 those regions held by Koguryô beyond the Yalu (on which was located the early Koguryô capital of Hwando) and Tumen Rivers reformed into the Parhae state and were lost to Silla. It was North Korean scholars shortly after division who first began to emphasize Silla’s "unification" as merely a southern unification, calling the ensuing period with Parhae in Manchuria and Silla on the peninsula as an era of "Northern and Southern Dynasties". Today some South Korean scholars also take this interpretation. The sobriquet "Three Kingdoms Era" of course neglects the confederation of Kaya states in the far south, which were the first victims of Silla’s drive towards peninsula hegemony with their final defeat in the mid-6th century. Strictly speaking then, "Three Kingdoms Era" can only be applied for the century or so before 668, between the fall of the last Kaya state in 562 and Silla unification. The broader chronology is retained here, however, with a separate section to deal with Kaya.
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