Source Material for Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn 崔致遠, a.k.a. Koun 孤雲, Haeun海雲

Secondary sources (Western languages):

Chang, Tŏk-sun. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn and Legendary Literature.” Korea Journal (August 1977):56-64.

Chung, Kei-won. “Biographies of Choi Chi-won and Chung Mong-chu”. Korean Research Bulletin 1 (1944):21-24.

Ha, Tae Hung. “The Tomb of the Twin Sisters”. In Folk Tales of Old Korea. Seoul: Yonsei University Press:100-110. [legendary tale concerning Ch’oe during his service in China, translated from the Sui chŏn]

Jones, George Heber. “Ch'oe Ch'i-wun: His Life and Times”. Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 (1903):1-17.

Ryang, Key S. [Yang Ki-sŏn]. “Ch’oe Ch’i-won’s (b. 857) T’ang Poetry and its Modern Interpretation.” Journal of Korean Studies 5 (1996): .

Ryang, Key S. [Yang Ki-sŏn]. “Ch’oe Ch’i-won, Silla Sasan pi’myŏng (四山碑銘: Silla’s Four Mount Steles)”. Review Article. Journal of Korean Studies 6 (November 1996):119-129.

Vos, Fritz. “Tales of the Extraordinary: An Inquiry into the Contents, Nature and Authorship of the Sui chŏn”. Korean Studies 5 (1981):1-25.

Doctoral Dissertations (Western Languages):

Secondary sources (Non-Western languages):

Taedongbo 大同譜 (for genealogical details on the Kyŏngju Ch’oe)

Chang, Il-kyu 張日圭. “Sillamal kyŏngju ch’oessi yuhakjawa kŭ hwaldong 新羅末 慶州崔氏 儒學者와 그 活動” [The Confucian scholars of the Kyŏngju Ch’oe clan of late Silla and their activities]. Sahak yŏn’gu 史學硏究 45 (1992).

Cho In-sŏng 趙仁成. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi yŏksa sŏsul崔致遠의 歷史敍述” [Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn’s historical narrative]. Yŏksa hakbo歷史學報 94-95 (1982).

Ch’oe, Ik-han 崔益翰. “Ch’oe Koun ŭi munhwajŏk chiui崔孤雲의 文化的 地位”[The cultural status of Ch’oe Koun]. Ch’un Ch’u 春秋2-6, 1941.

Ch’oe, Kŭn-yŏng 崔根泳. “Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi sahui kaehyŏk sasang孤雲 崔致遠의 社會改革思想” [The social reform thought of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Han’guk sasang 18 (1981):250-286.

Ch’oe, Kyŏng-suk 崔敬淑. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn yŏksa insik 崔致遠 歷史認識” [Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn’s historical perception]. In Kim Mu-jo 金戊祚, ed. Koun ŭi sasanggwa munhak孤雲의 思想과 文學 [The writings and thought of Koun]. Pusan: P’ajŏn Hangukhakdang, 1997:29-72.

Ch’oe, Kyŏng-suk 崔敬淑. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn yŏn’gu崔致遠 硏究” [A study of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Pusan yŏksa釜山史學 5 (1981).

Ch’oe, Sang-su, ed. 崔常壽Chosŏn Min’gan Chŏnsŏljip [A collection of Korean popular legends; gathers some local legends surrounding Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Seoul: Uryu Munhwasa, 1947.

Ch’oe, Yong-sik 崔龍植, ed. Kyŏngju Ch’oe ssi taebo 慶州崔氏大譜. 3 vols. Seoul (?), 1963.

Han, Sŏk-su 韓碩洙. Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn chŏnsŭng ŭi yŏn’gu崔孤雲 傳承의 硏究 [A study on the transmission of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Seoul: Kyemyŏng Munhwasa, 1989.

Hŏ, Kwŏn-su 許捲洙. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi chaedang saeng’ae e taehan so’go崔致遠의 在唐 生涯에 대한 小考” [A brief examination of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn’s life in Tang China]. Chungguk’ŏ munhak 中國語文學 10 (1985):241-262.

Kim, Chung-yŏl 金重烈. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn munhakŭi shidaejŏk pae’gyŏng崔致遠 文學의 時代的 背景” [Background to the era of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn’s writings]. Hansŏngŏ munhak 2 (1983):13-26.

Kim, In-jong 金仁宗, et al. Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn 孤雲 崔致遠. Seoul: Min’ŭmsa, 1989.

Kim, Ju-han 金周漢. “Ch’oe Koun munhakgwan’ŭi yŏnwŏn 崔孤雲 文學觀의 淵源” [The origins of Ch’oe Koun’s literary outlook]. Silla munhakŭi shinyŏn’gu 7 (1986):273-304.

Kim, Mu-jo 金戊祚, ed. Koun ŭi sasanggwa munhak孤雲의 思想과 文學 [The writings and thought of Koun]. Pusan: P’ajŏn Hangukhakdang, 1997.

Kim, Mu-jo 金戊祚, ed. Koun ŭi sasanggwa munhak孤雲의 思想과 文學 [The writings and thought of Koun]. Pusan: P’ajŏn Hangukhakdang, 1997.

Kim, Pok-sun 金福順. “Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi sasang yŏn’gu孤雲 崔致遠의 思想 硏究” [A study of the thought of Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Sach’ong史叢 24 (1980):61-103.

Kim, Pok-sun 金福順. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi pulgyo kwangyechŏsul e taehan kŏmt’o崔致遠의 佛敎關係著述에 대한 檢討” [An examination of the Buddhist-related writings of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Hanguksa yŏn’gu 韓國史 硏究 43 (December 1983):157-173.

Kim, Pok-sun 金福順. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi Pŏbjang hwasangjŏn kŏmt’o 崔致遠의 法藏和尙傳 檢討” [An examination of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn’s Record of Priest Fa-cang]. Hanguksa yŏn’gu 韓國史 硏究 57 (1987):1-24.

Kim, Pok-sun 金福順. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn wa Ch’oe Sŭng-no 崔致遠와 崔承老” [Ch’i-wŏn and Ch’oe Sŭng-no]. Kyŏngju sahak 慶州史學 11 (1993):41-56.

Kim, Sŏk-hyŏng 金錫亨. “Silla Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏngwa kŭ sidae 新羅崔致遠과 그 時代” [Silla’s Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn and his times]. Sahakhoebo 史學會報 14 (1939).

Li, Seng-ai 李聖愛. “Cui Zhiyuan zhi weiren崔致遠之爲人” [On the character of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Chunguk Hakpo 中國學報 8 (1968):1-8.

Mun, Sang-gi 文相琦. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi yu-dogyosasang’e taehan koch’al 崔致遠의 儒-道敎思想에 考察” [An inquiry into the Confucian and Daoist trends in Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn’s thought]. In Kim Mu-jo 金戊祚, ed. Koun ŭi sasanggwa munhak孤雲의 思想과 文學 [The writings and thought of Koun]. Pusan: P’ajŏn Hangukhakdang, 1997:73-124.

Ŏm, Wŏn-dae 嚴元大. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn yŏn’gu saae taehan punsŏk崔致遠 연구사에 대한 분석” [An analysis of studies on Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. In Kim Mu-jo 金戊祚, ed. Koun ŭi sasanggwa munhak孤雲의 思想과 文學 [The writings and thought of Koun]. Pusan: P’ajŏn Hangukhakdang, 1997:449-488.

Sŏ, Su-saeng 徐首生. “Tongguk munjong Ch’oe Koun ŭi munhak 東國文宗 崔孤雲의 文學” [The writings of Ch’oe Koun and the Korean literary heritage]. Ŏmunhak語文學 1-2, 1956, 1958.

Sŏng, Kyo-jin 成校珍. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi Tohaksasang崔致遠의 道學思想 [The Taoist thought of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Tongyangch’ŏlhak yŏn’gu 東洋哲學硏究 1 (1980).

Yang, Ki-sŏn 梁基善 [Kye S. Ryang]. Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn yŏn’gu孤雲 崔致遠 硏究 [A study of Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Seoul: Hanpul munhwa ch’ulp’ansa, 1995.

Yi, Chae-un 李在云. Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn yŏn’gu 崔致遠 硏究 [A study of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Seoul: Paeksan charyowŏn, 1999.

Yi, Ki-baek 李基白. “Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn gwa kŭ chŏsul崔致遠과 그 著述” [The writings of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. In Ch’oe Munch’anghu chŏnjip 崔文昌候全集 [The collected writings of Ch’oe Munch’anghu], Haeche, 1972.

Yi, Ku-ŭi 李九義. Ch’oe Koun ŭi salmgwa munhak崔孤雲의 삶과 文學 [Life and writings of Ch’oe Koun]. Seoul:Kukhak charyowŏn, 1995.

Yi, U-sŏng 李佑成. “Nambukguk sidaewa Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn 南北時代와 崔致遠” [Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn and the era of Northern and Southern dynasties]. In Hangukŭi yŏksasang 韓國의 歷史像 [Korean historical portraits], Ch’angjak kwa pip’yŏngsa, 1982.

Yi, Wŏn-kyun 李源鈞. “Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi saeng’ae 孤雲崔致遠의 生涯” [The life of Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. In Kim Mu-jo 金戊祚, ed. Koun ŭi sasanggwa munhak孤雲의 思想과 文學 [The writings and thought of Koun]. Pusan: P’ajŏn Hangukhakdang, 1997:3-28.

Doctoral Dissertations (Non-Western languages):

Ch’oe, Kyŏng-suk崔敬淑. Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn yŏn’gu崔致遠 硏究 [A study of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tong’a University Graduate School, 1980.

Han, Sŏk-su 韓碩洙. Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn chŏnsŭngŭi yŏn’gu 崔致遠傳承의 硏究 [A study of the Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn heritage]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kŏryo University, 1988.

Pak, Tŏk-sun. Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏnjŏn yŏn’gu 崔致遠硏究 [A study of the Tale of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn]. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Ch’ŏngju University, 1988.

Pak, Ŭi-yŏn 朴義鍊. Sinmal hansiŭi hyŏngt’ae yŏn’gu - Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn, Ch’oe Kwang-yu, Pak In-pŏm, Ch’oe Sŭng-u ŭi chakp’umŭl chungsimŭro 新末漢詩의 形態硏究 -崔致遠, 崔匡裕, 朴仁範, 崔承祐의 作品을 中心으로 [A study of the characteristics of Han poetry of the Late Silla period with an emphasis on the works of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn, Ch’oe Kwang-yu, Pak In-pŏm, and Ch’oe Sŭng-u]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ch’ungbuk University, 1981.

Yi, Chae-un 李在云. Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn ŭi sasanggwa yŏksainsik yŏn’gu 孤雲崔致遠의 思想과 歷史認識 硏究 [A study of Koun Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn’s thought and historical perception]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ewha Women’s University, 1996.

Cited in Chang Tŏk-sun above:

Ch’oe Koun chŏn [A tale of Ch’oe Koun] (printed book in hangul, found in the T’aep’yŏng T’ongjae 太平通裁); cited as being originally from the Suijŏn (殊傳)

Ch’oe Munhŏn chŏn 崔文獻傳 [A tale of scholar Ch’oe] (hand-written work in Chinese characters)

Ch’oe Koun chŏn崔孤雲傳 [A tale of Ch’oe Koun] (hand-written work in Chinese characters)

Works by Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn or containing his writings

The extent works of Ch’oe are usually broken down into three general groupings: 1) his magnum opus the Kyewŏn P’ilgyŏngjip 桂苑筆耕集 2) surviving stele engravings (all found in Korea) 3) and his miscellaneous writings that have come down to us, to include his works of poetry.

A compilation of Ch’oe’s extant writings may be found (most recently) in:

Ch’oe, Yŏng-sŏng [崔英成], ed. Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn chŏnjip 崔致遠 全集 [Collected works of Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn], 4 vols. Seoul: Asea munhwasa, 1995 – .

Extant:

Kyewŏn P’ilgyŏngjip 桂苑筆耕集 [Plowing the Cassia Grove with a Writing Brush, ca. 885]

Tang taech’ŏnboksa kosajubŏngyŏng Taedŏk Pŏbjang hwasangjŏn (Chinese Fa-cang ho-shang chuan) 唐大薦福寺主飜經大德法藏和尙傳 [A record of Priest Fa-cang, 904]

Samguk sagi [History of the Three Kingdoms, 1145]; preserves some of Ch’oe’s poems

Tongmun sŏn 東文選 (compilation of Korean poetry from Silla to mid-Chosŏn first compiled in 1478 by Sŏ Kŏ-chŏng 徐居正but with two subsequent editions. See T.J. Kim). For Ch’oe’s poems see vols. 4, 49-50;9, 156; 12, 218-219; 19, 346, 355-356.

Surviving stele engravings:

Referred to collectively as the Sasan pi’myŏng [四山碑銘 “Four mountain steles”]:

1. Ssanggyesa Chingam pi’myŏng [雙磎寺 眞鑒 碑銘 Memorial Stele to Priest Chingam of Ssanggye Temple, 887], at Ssanggye Temple, Kyŏngsannamdo.
2. Taesungpoksa pi’myŏng [大崇福寺 碑銘 Stele of Taesungbok Temple, 885], Kyŏngju (not totally extant).
3. Sŏngjusa Ranghye hwasang pi’myŏng [聖住寺 朗慧 和尙 碑銘 Memorial Stele to Priest Ranghye of Sŏngju Temple, 890], at Sŏngju Temple, Ch’ungch’ŏngnamdo.
4. Pong’amsa Chijŭng taesa pi’myŏng [鳳巖寺 智證大使 碑銘 Memorial Stele to Priest Chijŭng of Pong’am Temple, 924], at Mun’gyŏng, Kyŏngsanbukdo.

Non-extant:

Chewang Yŏndae-gi 帝王年代記 [Chronological calendar of kings]

Chungsanpu’guijip 中山覆貴集 ; a five volume work written by Ch’oe in China and presented to the king of Silla upon his return there in 886. Contents unknown.

Hyŏnsipch’osi (賢十抄詩) [Odes of ten remarkable poets]; compiled ca. 1000 this work is a compilation of representative odes from ten illustrious poets, six men of Tang and four of Silla, of which Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn was one; all four Koreans included were educated in China, being, besides Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn, Pak In-pŏm (朴仁範), Ch’oe Sŭng-u (崔承祐), and Ch’oe Kwang-yu (崔匡裕); the work itself is no longer extant but is mentioned in the Taedong Unbu Kun’ok (大東韻府群玉) compiled by Kwŏn Mun-hae (權文海1534-1591).

Sijip 詩集 (collected odes, one volume)

Pu 賦 (two volumes)

Works where Ch’oe’s authorship is conjectured

Suijŏn 殊傳 [Tales of wonder]; a collection of early Buddhist tales and popular fables, being the first and oldest known collection of Korean tales; the work is no longer extant but 13 of its original stories have survived in other works; date of compilation is unknown but it was already written by 1215 when the Haedong Kosŭngjŏn used some of its tales. Other suggested authors, Pak In-ryang (朴寅亮 ) and Kim Ch’ŏk-myŏng (金陟明). Kwŏn Mun-hae, editor of Taedong Unbu Kunok (see above), identifies the author as Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn.

Sources on the historical period of the Three Ch’oe

Primary Sources:

Ch’an shu [讒書 Defamatory Writings] by Luo Yin [羅隱 833-909]; Luo Yin was a contemporary and friend of Ch’oe, though unlike Ch’oe he never passed the civil service exam nor attained high office; the Ch’an shu was written late in his life and the work decries the corruption and inequity of late Tang court and politics

Ennin’s Journal for its account of 9^th century Tang and Silla as well as transportation between the two

Koryŏsa [高麗史]

Nihon shoki [日本書記] for its account of Japanese-Silla relations and the accounts of Japanese envoys to late Silla

Samguk sagi [三國史記]

Samguk yusa [三國遺事]

Tang-shu [唐書]

Tang zhiyan (“Picked up words from the T’ang”), by Wang Ting-pao [a discussion of the T’ang examination system with anecdotes, written by a contemporary of Ch’oe Ch’i-won]

Tonguk tonggam [A comprehensive mirror of Korea]

Xin Tangshu [新唐書], notably its Yi-wen-zhi 藝文志 (Monograph on arts and letters) discusses Ch’oe Ch’i-wŏn; also section on the Huang Chao (黃巢) Rebellion and the biography of Gao Ping (高騈).

Zizhi tongjian [資治通鑑Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government]

Secondary Sources (Western languages):

Barrett, Timothy Hugh. Taoism Under the T’ang: Religion and Empire During the Golden Age of Chinese History. London: Wellsweep, 1996.

Borgen, Robert. Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994.

Chapin, Helen B. “Kyongju, Ancient Capital of Silla”. Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 33 (1957):55-72.

Deng, Keuiying (translations by Yang Xianyi). “The Late Tang Writer Luo Yin”. Chinese Literature (February 1982):113-122.

Gardiner, Kenneth H.J. "Korea in Transition: Notes on the Three Later Kingdoms (900-36)." Papers on Far Eastern History 36 (September 1987): 139-161.

Gardiner, K.H.J. “Samguk sagi and its Sources.” Papers on Far Eastern History 2 (September 1970): 1-41.

Johnson, David. “The Last Years of a Great Clan: The Li Family of Chao chun in Late Tang and Early Sung.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 37, no. 1 (June 1977):5-102.

Kang, Hi Woong. “The Development of the Korean Ruling Class from Late Silla to Early Koryŏ.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, 1964.

Kang, H.W. “Wang Kŏn and the Koryŏ Dynastic Order”. Hanguk munhwa 7 ( ):161-176.

Kim, Chol-choon. “Social Conversion from the Last Years of Unified Silla to the Early Years of Koryŏ and Medieval intelligence.” Social Science Journal 4 (1976-77): 39-51.

Kim, Chong Sun. “The Emergence of Multi-Centered Despotism in the Silla Kingdom: A Study of the Origin of Factional Struggles in Korea”. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1965.

Kim, Chong Sun. “The Kolp’um System: Basis for Sillan Social Stratification.” Journal of Korean Studies 1 (2) (January-June 1971):43-69.

Kim, Chong-sun. “Sources of Cohesion and Fragmentation in the Silla Kingdom.” Journal of Korean Studies 1 1 (1969):41-72.

Lee, Ki-baik. "Confucian Political Ideology in the Silla Unification and Early Koryo Periods." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 42 (December 1975): 1-23.

Lee, Ki-dong. “Bureaucracy and Kolp'um System in the Middle Age of Silla”. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 52 (December 1980):31-58.

Lee, Peter H. (translator). Lives of Eminent Korean Monks. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.

Levy, Howard S. Biography of Huang Ch’ao [a translation of the “Huang Ch’ao chuan” of the Xin Tang Shu]. Chinese Dynastic Histories Translations No. 5, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1955.

Owen, Stephen. The Great Age of Chinese Poetry: The High Tang. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.

Reischauer, Edwin O. Ennin’s Travels in T’ang China. New York: Ronald Press, 1955.

Schafer, Edward H. “The Last Years of Ch’ang’an”. Oriens Extremus X (1963):133-179.

Schafer, Edward H. Mao Shan in T’ang Times. Boulder, CO: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions, Monograph No. 1. 1980.

Schipper, Kristofer. Du Guangting (850-933). Taoiste du cour à la fin de la Chine médiévale [A court Taoist in Late Medieval China]. Paris: Collège de France, 1988.

Twitchett, Denis, ed. Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, pt. 1 (Sui and Tang China)

Sohn, Pow-key. Biographical Tables of the Koryŏ Period. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1958.

Unruh, Ellen S. “Reflections on the Fall of Silla.” Korea Journal 15(5)(May 1975):54-62.

Waley, Arthur. The Life and Times of Po Chu-I (772-846). London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1946.

Xiong, Victor Cunrui. Sui-Tang Chang’an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 2000.

Yang, Han-sung. “Eighth Century Asia and Hyech'o's Travel Account.” Korea Jounral 9 (1969):35-39.

Yates, Robin D.S. Washing Silk: The Life and Selected Poetry of Wei Chuang. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, 1988.

Yuan, Waiming George. "Ko Son-ji (Kao Hsien-Chih): A Korean in the Chinese Military Service." Asea yongu 13:3 (1970:9): 153-164.

Secondary Sources (non-Western languages):

Ch’a, Chu-hwan 車柱環. “Ramalŭi yudang hakingwa togyo 羅末의 留唐學人과 道敎” [Late Silla scholars in Tang and their connections with Daoism]. Silla munhakŭi shin’yŏn’gu 9 (1988):293-321.

Ch’oe, Kŭn-yŏng. Tongil silla sidaeŭi chibang seryŏk yŏn’gu [A study of regional powers of the Unified Silla period: the dissolution of Silla and the Koryŏ]. Seoul: Shinsŏwŏn, 1990.

Ch’oe, Pyŏng-hŏn崔柄憲. “Silla hadae sŏnjong kusanp’aûi sŏngnip 新羅下代禪宗九山派의 成立” [The formation of the nine mountain temples of Zen Buddhism in later Silla]. Hanguksa yŏn’gu 韓國史硏究 7 (1972).

Chŏn, Ki-ung 全基雄. Ramal ryŏch’o ŭi chŏngch’i sahoewa mun’inchisikch’ŭng 羅末麗初의 政治社會 文人知識層 [The literary-intellectual class and the government and society of the Silla-Koryŏ transition]. Seoul: Tosŏch’ulp’an hyena, 1996.

Kim, Po-kyŏng 金保京. Chŏndangsi sojae tang’injŭng sillainsi yŏn’gu 全唐詩 所載 唐人贈 新羅人詩 硏究 [A study of Silla poets made Tang subjects as reflected in Tang poems]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ewha Women’s University, 1992.

Kim, Se-yun 金世潤. “Sillahadaeŭi todang yuhaksaeng e taehayŏ” 新羅下代의 渡唐留學生에 대하여” [Concerning Late Silla students in Tang China]. Hanguksa yŏn’gu 韓國史 硏究 37 (June 1982):149-168.

No, Sa-sin et al. Sinjŭng Tongguk yŏji sŭngnam 新增東國與地勝覽 [A geographical survey of Korea] (originally compiled in 1481, revised ca. 1530. Only two extant originals in Japan, presumably taken during Hideyoshi invasions. See T.J. Kim.). Seoul: Kojŏn kanhaeng hoe 古典刊行會 (1958), p. 21, 36 a-b.

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