26.1.  General Rule   

Scope

In general, apply the guidelines in LCRI 26 when formulating the reference structure for new authority records and in evaluating references on existing authority records.

 

Normalization

Do not trace a see reference that would normalize to the same form as the heading or see reference on the same record or to the same form as a heading on another record.

 

Forms of References

In general, construct a reference in the same form in which it would be constructed if chosen as the heading.  Exception: Until practices related to the form and style of nonroman script references have been established, it is not necessary to construct nonroman references in the same form as the heading.  Code all records with nonroman script references with value "b" (Tracings are not necessarily consistent with the heading) in 008/29 (Reference evaluation) and generally let nonroman references stand unless egregiously incorrect.  Because the LC LC/NACO Authority File includes headings constructed according to earlier practices, in some cases references must be formulated to "match" the existing heading.  Specific instructions are below.

 

1)  Personal names

 

a)  Dates.  Include dates in references if they have been included in the heading.  If the form of reference conflicts with an established heading, resolve the conflict by using dates in the reference, even if they are not used in the heading.

 

b)  Initials.  In references containing initials, generally include in parentheses the full form of the name represented by the initial(s) when known.  However, if the initial is represented in the heading without the full form being given there, make the reference "match" the heading.

 

100 1# $a Boudin, Eugène, $d 1824-1898

400 1# $a Boudin, E. $q (Eugène), $d 1824-1898

400 1# $a Boudin, L. E. $q (Louis Eugène), $d 1824-1898

400 1# $a Boudin, Louis Eugène, $d 1824-1898

 

100 1# $a Hays, James D., $d 1926-

400 1# $a Hays, J. D. $q (James D.), $d 1926-

not  

400 1# $a Hays, J. D. $q (James Donald), $d 1926-

 

100 1# $a Henao Vélez, César G.

400 1# $a Vélez, César G. Henao

not  

400 1# $a Vélez, César G. Henao $q (César Gabriel Henao)

 

Do not combine different language forms or romanizations.

 

100 1# $a Arnoľdov, Arnoľd Isaevich

400 1# $a Arnoldow, A. I.

not  

400 1# $a Arnoldow, A. I. $q (Arnoľd Isaevich)

 

c)  Titles/epithets.  Include titles and epithets used in the heading in the reference unless, for titles, they are not appropriate to the form in the reference, or, for epithets, the purpose is to refer from a form containing a different epithet.  For variant language forms for a person entered under surname, include titles of nobility and terms of honor and address in the form found in the source for the reference.  If the source for the reference does not include the title, etc., use in the reference the term used in the heading, although it is in a different language.

 

100 0# $a William, $c of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris, $d d. 1249

400 0# $a Guillaume, $c d'Auvergne, Bishop of Paris, $d d. 1249

 

100 0# $a Maria, $c Mother, $d 1912-1977

400 0# $a Gysi, Lydia, $d 1912-1977

 

100 0# $a Gruoch, $c Queen, consort of Macbeth, King of Scotland

400 0# $a Gruach, $c Queen, consort of Macbeth, King of Scotland

400 0# $a Macbeth, $c Lady

 

100 1# $a Custine, Astolphe, $c marquis de, $d 1790-1857

400 1# $a KÃstin, Adolf, $c markiz de, $d 1790-1857

 

100 1# $a Aufsess, Hans Max, $c Freiherr von und zu

400 1# $a Aufsess, H. M. $q (Hans Max), $c Freiherr von und zu

 

 

Additional examples illustrating formats of references (full reference structure not necessarily shown):

 

100 1# $a Scottow, Joshua, $d 1618-1698

400 0# $a J. S. $q (Joshua Scottow), $d 1618-1698

 

100 1# $a Sassoon, Siegfried, $d 1886-1967

400 0# $a Author of Memoirs of a fox-hunting man, $d 1886-1967

400 0# $a Memoirs of a fox-hunting man, Author of, $d 1886-1967

 

100 1# $a Evans-Pritchard, E. E. $q (Edward Evan)

400 1# $a Pritchard, E. E. Evans- $q (Edward Evan Evans-)

 

100 1# $a Roos, S. H. de $q (Sjoerd Hendrik), $d 1877-1962

400 1# $a Roos, Sjoerd H. de $q (Sjoerd Hendrik), $d 1877-1962

 

100 1# $a Sigaud de La Fond, $c M. $q (Joseph Aignan), $d 1730-1810

400 1# $a De La Fond, Sigaud, $c M. $q (Joseph Aignan), $d 1730-1810

400 1# $a La Fond, Sigaud de, $c M. $q (Joseph Aignan), $d 1730-1810

400 1# $a Fond, Sigaud de La, $c M. $q (Joseph Aignan), $d 1730-1810

 

2)  Corporate names

 

a)  Qualifiers.  Include qualifiers in the reference if appropriate to the form in the reference even if the qualifier has not been used in the heading because of earlier policies or because it is not appropriate there.  Exception:  Do not add a qualifier to a reference consisting solely of an initialism unless a qualifier is required to break a conflict with the 1XX heading on another record.  If such a conflict exists, a qualifier is required-- use judgment to select an appropriate term to use in the qualifier, e.g., a general term per 24.4B or the spelled-out form of the initialism found in the reference.  An initialism reference on one record may be the same as an initialism reference on another record.

 

151 2# $a Ghent (Belgium)

451 2# $a Gent (Belgium)

 

110 2# $a Galleria nazionale d'arte moderna (Italy)

410 2# $a National Gallery of Modern Art (Italy)

 

111 2# $a Conférence Europe-Afrique $d (1979 : $c Lausanne, Switzerland)

411 2# $a Euro-Afrikanische Konferenz $d (1979 : $c Lausanne, Switzerland)

 

110 2# $a Evangelisk lutherske frikirke (Norway)

410 2# $a Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway

 

110 2# $a National Cultural History and Open-air Museum

410 2# $a Nasionale Kultuurhistoriese en Opelugmuseum (South Africa)

 

110 2# $a BANAS (Organization : Indonesia)

410 2# $a B.A.N.A.S.

 

110 2# $a North Carolina Wood Energy Coordinating Group

410 2# $a Wood Energy Coordinating Group (N.C.)

 

110 2# $a Société des arts de Genève

410 2# $a Société pour l'avancement des arts (Geneva, Switzerland)

 

110 2# $a BFA Educational Media

410 2# $a B.F.A. Educational Media (Firm)

 

110 2# $a Servicio Universitario Mundial

410 2# $a SUM (Servicio Universitario Mundial)

(Qualifier added to reference in order to break conflict with personal name heading "Sm")

 

b)  Terms of incorporation.  Construct the reference to "match" the heading with regard to the presence, absence, or form of a term of incorporation.

 

110 2# $a William Claiborne, inc.

410 2# $a Claiborne, inc.

 

Combined References

When reference is made to two or more different headings from the same form, trace individual references rather than listing on one combined reference all headings referred to through the cataloger-generated reference technique.  Use a cataloger-generated reference only when a special explanatory referral legend is needed, e.g., for pseudonymous authors (cf. LCRI 22.2B).

 

Typographic Style

Generally, LC typographic style will not change.

 

Initial Articles

Treat references just as headings with respect to deletion/ retention of initial articles.

 

 

26.1A.   

Option Decision

Apply the optional provision of the rule whenever the information is readily available.  Cf. LCRI 26.3B-C.

 

 

26.2.  Names of Persons   

Preliminary Note

These guidelines are applicable primarily when establishing headings initially.

 

Recording Variant Forms of Name

Record all forms of name found on the chief source of the work being cataloged (including CIP title pages).  For forms of name that are not on the chief source but that are found in the normal course of examining the work, be selective:  record only those forms that are judged to add important information identifying the author (most commonly, a fuller form of name) or to justify tracing a needed reference.  In particular, do not record a form that consists of a surname alone when that form is a variant.  References are traced only from recorded forms.  See the guidelines below when deciding which recorded forms require references.

 

Referring from Variant Forms

1) Normally, do not trace a reference from the old catalog heading.  However, if judged useful by the cataloger or for specified projects, a linking reference may be made.  If the form of the resulting reference (i.e., the way it is structured, not its degree of fullness) is not in accord with current policy, code it "do not make" and trace another reference constructed according to current policy.

 

2)  Trace a reference from each variant that affects the primary elements of the name.  For the normal, inverted heading this means variations in all elements to the left of the comma and in the first element to the right of the comma.  Do not trace a reference that would normalize to the same form as the heading or a see reference on the same record, or to the same form as a heading on another record.

 

3)  Refer from other variants (i.e., those that do not affect the primary entry elements) when it is judged the access to the catalog would be improved, e.g., when the heading is a common-sounding name.

 

4)  Make one reference from each possible entry element of the name chosen as the heading, including each separate particle or prefix but excluding connectives such as "y" and "und."  (In this connection, ignore the "Bure" example in AACR2 rule 26.2A3; this is based on actual usage, not an arbitrary permutation of the heading.)

 

5)  Generally, make only one reference from each variant in each script, normally constructing it in the form in which it would be constructed if chosen as the heading (cf. specific instructions in LCRI 26.1, including the exception for nonroman script references).  In addition, if applicable, make one reference under each surname element, other than particles and prefixes, not already referred from.  Normally, do not otherwise make references that are "variants of the variant."

 

6)  In constructing references, prefer forms corresponding to usage over forms corresponding to qualifiers (cf. the last example below).

Follow these principles when creating new headings, and follow them, also, as closely as possible when evaluating references on existing authority records and when creating automated authority records for headings found in the machine files (or in the manual catalog, if this has been consulted).  For already evaluated reference structures, generally, allow the references to stand that are not provided for in these instructions.

 

Examples:

           

100 1#  $a Freeman, Robert, $d 1948-

670 ## $a His Hidden treasure, 1980: $b t.p. (Robert Freeman)

670 ## $a Phone call to author, 3/31/82 $b (Robert Eliot Freeman; b. 6/18/48)

(No references)

 

           

100 1# $a Jenkins, Barbara

670 ## $a Jenkins, P. The walk west, 1981: $b CIP t.p. (Barbara Jenkins) CIP data sheet (Barbara Jo Pennell Jenkins)

(No references)

 

           

100 1# $a Klughorn, Jason

400 1# $a Klughorn, Jay

670 ## $a His Mud pies, 1980: $b t.p. (Jason Klughorn) CIP data sheet (Jay Klughorn)

 

           

100 1#  $a Jackson, Richard L.

400 1#  $a Jackson, Rick

670 ## $a Conflict and cooperation in police labour relations, c1980: $b t.p. (Richard L. Jackson) p. 239 (Rick Jackson)

 

           

100 1# $a Inmon, William H.

400 1# $a Inmon, W. H. $q (William H.)

670 ## $a His Effective data base design, 1980: $b t.p. (William H. Inmon)

670 ## $a His Design review methodology for a data base environment, c1982: $b t.p. (W.H. Inmon)

 

           

100 1# $a Hendrix, Louise Butts

400 1# $a Butts, Louise

670 ## $a Her Sutter Buttes, land of Histun Yani, Sutter County, California, c1980: $b t.p. (Louise Butts Hendrix) about the author (née Louise Butts)

 

           

100 1# $a Morgan, C. J. $q (Carol Jean)

400 1# $a Morgan, Kim

400 1# $a Morgan, Carol Jean

670 ## $a National Career Education Conf. (1977 : Canberra, A.C.T.) Issues in career education, 1977: $b t.p. (C.J. Morgan) p. 141 (Dr. C.J. (Kim) Morgan)

670 ## $a Aust. nat. bib. $b (Morgan, Carol Jean)

 

           

100 1# $a Welch, Kenneth R. G.

400 1# $a Welch, K. R. G. $q (Kenneth R. G.)

670 ## $a His Herpetology of Europe and southwest Asia, 1983: $b CIP t.p. (K.R.G. Welch) book t.p. (Kenneth R.G. Welch)

 

           

100 1# $a Clark, T. J. $q (Timothy J.)

400 1# $a Clark, Timothy J.

670 ## $a His Image of the people, 1982: $b t.p. (T.J. Clark)

670 ## $q LC database, 7/14/83 $b (hdg.: Clark, Timothy J.; usage: T.J. Clark)

 

           

100 1# $a Gueligue, E. Sèlidji $q (Eugène Sèlidji)

400 1# $a Gueligue, Eugène Sèlidji

670 ## $a His Lire, écrire et parler fon, 1978- : $b t. 1, t.p. (E. Sèlidji Gueligue) pref. (Eugène Sèlidji Gueligue)

 

           

100 1# $a Meier-David, Huguette

400 1# $a David, Huguette Meier-

400 1# $a Meyer-David, Huguette

not also

400 1# $a Meier David, Huguette

("Meier-David" and "Meier David" file the same)

not also          

400 1# $a David, Huguette Meyer-

(This is a variant of the variant "400 Meyer-David, Huguette" traced above)

670 ## $a Zado, R. Die kleine Rodung, 1978: $b t.p. (Huguette Meier-David) verso t.p. (Huguette Meier David) p. 16 (Huguette Meyer-David)

 

           

100 1# $a Moreno, Montserrat

400 1# $a Moreno Marimon, Montserrat

400 1# $a Marimon, Montserrat Moreno

670 ## $a Her Aprendizaje y desarrollo intelectual, 1980: $b t.p. (Montserrat Moreno) cover p. 4 (Montserrat Moreno Marimon)

 

           

100 1# $a Marure, Mateo Antonio, $d 1783?-1814

400 1# $a Marure y Guzmán, Matheo Antonio, $d 1783?-1814

400 1# $a Marure Guzmán, Matheo Antonio, $d 1783?-1814

400 1# $a Marure, Matheo Antonio, $d 1783?-1814

400 1# $a Guzmán, Matheo Antonio Marure y, $d 1783?-1814

400 1# $a Guzmán, Matheo Antonio Marure, $d 1783?-1814

(Only one of the two preceding references should be made; it does not matter which)

670 ## $a Vela. Un procer preterido, 1980: $b p. 17 (Matheo Antonio Marure y Guzmán) p. 20 (Matheo Antonio Marure Guzmán) p. 21 (Matheo Antonio Marure)

670 ## $a Moore, R.E. Hist. dic. of Guat., 1967 $b (Marure, Mateo Antonio)

 

           

100 1# $a García de Miguel, J. M. $q (José María)

400 1# $a De Miguel, J. M. García $q (José María García)

400 1# $a Miguel, J. M. García de $q (José María García)

400 1# $a García de Miguel, José María

670 ## $a His Quimica del cristal, 1978: $b t.p. (J.M. García de Miguel)

670 ## $a Sp 78-Apr $b (García de Miguel, José María)

 

           

100 1# $a Van der Walt, C. J. $q (Charl Jacobus)

400 1# $a Van der Walt, Charl Jacobus

400 1# $a Der Walt, C. J. van $q (Charl Jacobus)

400 1# $a Walt, C. J. van der $q (Charl Jacobus)

 

           

100 1# $a Mills, R. A. $q (Rachel A.)

400 1# $a Mills, Rachel

670 ## $a Modern ocean floor processes and the geological record, 1998: $b t.p. (R.A. Mills) pref. (Rachel Mills)

not

400 1# $a Mills, Rachel A.

Note that if another Rachel Mills were already established in the authority file, the form of the cross reference in the above example would then become:

400 1# $a Mills, Rachel $q (Rachel A.)

 

 

26.2C.  "See also" references   

See also References from Individuals to the Group

 

When the name of a group contains the name of one or more of its members, make a see also reference from the heading for each individual named in the group heading to the heading for that group and from that group heading to the heading for each individual.

 

110 2# $a Ferrante and Teicher

500 1# $a Ferrante, Arthur

500 1# $a Teicher, Louis

 

(Complete complement of references not shown)

 

100 1# $a Ferrante, Arthur

510 2# $a Ferrante and Teicher

 

100 1# $a Teicher, Louis

510 2# $a Ferrante and Teicher

 

LC practice: The Library of Congress limits making these see also references to entities described within LC's collections of special materials (in lieu of making multiple added entries on individual bibliographic records) including music performing groups, when the information is readily available, the names of individual members are already established, and cataloging resources permit. Do not create an authority record for an individual just to add the see also reference. (Note: Between 1995-2007 LC did not make references from the group heading to each individual in the group, i.e., it did not add a 510 tracing for the group to the authority records for each member of the group. Add a missing reference only when encountered in current cataloging and the name of an individual member of the group is already established.)

 

 

 

26.3.  Geographic Names and Names of Corporate Bodies   

 

Follow these principles for new headings and as closely as possible in evaluating references on existing authority records and in creating automated authority records for headings found in the machine files (or in the manual catalog, if consulted).  When the particular reference structure has already been evaluated, it is not necessary to delete references not provided for by these instructions but provided for by earlier editions of these instructions.

Generally, trace a reference from variant forms of entry that apply to the name chosen for the heading.  However, do not trace a reference that would normalize to the same form as the heading on the same record or to the same form as a heading on another record.  For variant forms of a name, generally, trace only one reference from each variant, normally, constructing it in the form in which it would be constructed if chosen as the heading.  If, however, the name chosen for the heading is not in English and the name occurs in an English form, also trace references from the variant forms of entry that apply to the English form.  (If, in such a case, there are multiple English forms, choose only one of the English forms to use in tracing references from the different forms of entry.)

 

110 Fogg Art Museum

410 William Hayes Fogg Art Museum

410 Harvard University. Fogg Art Museum

not also  

410 Harvard University. William Hayes Fogg Art  Museum

 

110 Wyoming. Mineral Development Division

410 Wyoming. Mineral Division

410 Wyoming. State Dept. of Economic Planning and Development Mineral Development Division

not also  

410 Wyoming. State Dept. of Economic Planning and  Development.  Mineral Division

 

110 Museum für Indische Kunst (Germany)

410 Museum of Indian Art (Germany)

410 Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Museum für Indische Kunst

410 Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Museum of Indian Art

 

110 United States. Agency for International Development

410 United States. Agencia Internacional para el Desarrollo

410 United States. Dept. of State. Agency for International Development

not also  

410 United States. Dept. of State. Agencia Internacional para el Desarrollo

 

110 Belgium. Administration de l'urbanisme et de l'aménagement du territoire

410 Belgium. Administration of Urbanism and Spatial Planning

410 Belgium. Bestuur van de Stedebouw en de Ruimtelijke Ordening

410 Belgium. Ministère des travaux publics et de la reconstruction. Administration de l'urbanisme et de l'aménagement du territoire

410 Belgium. Ministère des travaux publics et de la reconstruction. Administration of Urbanism and Spatial Planning

not also  

410 Belgium. Ministère des travaux publics et de la reconstruction. Bestuur van  de Stedebouw en de Ruimtelijke Ordening

 

110 Japan. Rōdōshō

410 Japan. Ministry of Labor

410 Japan. Ministry of Labour

410 Japan. Labor, Ministry of

not also  

410 Japan. Labour, Ministry of

 

 

 

26.3A.  See references

 

26.3A3.  Different forms of the name   

 

References from Personal Names in the Names of Corporate Bodies

When the name of a corporate body begins with a person's forename(s) and surname or initial(s) and surname, make a reference from the surname and the remainder of the corporate name, omitting the forename(s) or initial(s).

 

110 Art Tatum Trio

410 Tatum Trio

 

110 M.C. Brackenbury & Co.

410 Brackenbury & Co.

 

When the corporate name begins with a person's title plus forename(s) or initial(s), make two references:

1)  from the surname and the remainder of the corporate name, omitting the title and forename(s) or initial(s);

2)  from the forename(s) or initial(s) and surname and the remainder of the corporate name, omitting the title.

 

110 Doktor Wilmar Schwabe G.m.b.H.

410 Wilmar Schwabe G.m.b.H.

410 Schwabe G.m.b.H.

 

Geographic Names Beginning with an Article

For geographic names beginning with an article, make a reference from the name following the article, omitting the article.

 

151 La Ventana (San Luis Potosí, Mexico)

451 Ventana (San Luis Potosí, Mexico)

 

References from Inverted Names of Government Subheadings

1)  Make an inverted reference (under jurisdiction) from the generic term in the name that indicates the type of agency (e.g., dept., board, committee) when this term is preceded by a word or words that may not be recognized as part of the name.

 

110 Michigan. State Dept. of Education

410 Michigan. Dept. of Education, State

 

2)  Make an inverted reference (under jurisdiction) from the first key word in the name and from the key word of an English form of name of an agency entered in a foreign language (regardless of the grammar of the language involved).

 

110 India. Ministry of Health

410 India. Health, Ministry of

 

110 Spain. Subdirección General de Archivos

410 Spain. Archivos, Subdirección General de

 

110 Rockville (Md.). Dept. of Planning

410 Rockville (Md.). Planning, Dept. of

 

Make such inverted references only for headings entered directly under the jurisdiction.

 

Do not make the inverted references if the government body is entered under its own name rather than as a subheading of the jurisdiction.

 

References from Inverted Names of Conferences, Exhibitions, Fairs, Festivals, etc.

Make the types of references below from inverted forms of the name of a conference, fair, festival, etc.  Omit parenthetical additions in the heading from the references.

1)  Make an inverted reference from the first word following the name or the abbreviation of the name of a sponsor when the name of the sponsor is the first element of the conference name.

2)  Make an inverted reference from the generic term in the name that indicates the heading is for a meeting (e.g., conference, symposium, workshop) when this word is preceded by a word or words that may not be recognized as part of the conference name.

 

111 IBM Scientific Computing Symposium of Environmental Sciences (1966 : Yorktown Heights, N.Y.)

411 Scientific Computing Symposium on Environmental Sciences, IBM

411 Symposium on Environmental Sciences, IBM Scientific Computing

 

111 International Conference on Industrial Relations (1965 : Tokyo, Japan)

411 Conference on Industrial Relations, International

 

111 Work Conference on Literacy

411 Conference on Literacy, Work

 

111 Governor's Conference on Education (Kan.)

411 Conference on Education, Governor's

 

Terms of Royal Privilege

For names beginning with a term of royal privilege, make an inverted reference from the part of the name following the term of royal privilege.

 

110 Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Jorge

410 Academia de Bellas Artes de San Jorge, Real

 

26.3A4.  Initials   

 

Initialism and Acronym References

When a heading or a reference consists of or contains an initialism or acronym, follow the usage of the body with respect to the capitalization of the initialism (all capital letters or not) and the punctuation of it (use of periods between the letters or not).

 

When the initialism occurs within the first five words of the heading or reference, provide cross references according to the following guidelines:

   a)  Make references from all forms actually found that include variations in the punctuation of the initialism.

   b)  When the only form found includes periods between the letters of the initialism, also make a reference from the form without periods.

   c)  When the only form found is without periods between the letters, do not make up a reference from the form with periods inserted, since publications as well as reference sources show that a general abandonment of periods between corporate initials has already taken place and shows signs of becoming obsolete.  Since, however, the criterion of usage is not practicable with existing records, do not delete these references already made, whether in evaluated or unevaluated reference structures.

 

110 2# $a World Meteorological Organization

410 2# $a WMO

410 2# $a Organisation météorologique mondiale

410 2# $a OMM

 

110 2# $a International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

410 2# $a IFLA

 

110 2# $a Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission

410 2# $a ORSANCO

 

110 2# $a COMPEX

410 2# $a Combined Philatelic Exhibition of Chicagoland

 

110 2# $a A.G.A. Gas Supply Committee

410 2# $a AGA Gas Supply Committee

 

110 2# $a Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. $b Instytut Historii

410 2# $a IH UAM

 

110 2# $a entral¢nyĭ institut nauchno-tekhnicheskoĭ informaÝii i tekhniko-ėkonomicheskikh issledovaniĭ  po khimicheskomu i neftÂnomu mashinostroeniÃ

410 2# $a INTIkhimneftemash

 

110 2# $a Moskovskiĭ gorodskoĭ bank

410 2# $a Mosgorbank

 

When, during evaluation of references currently traced on authority records, the cataloger finds MARC 21 field 664 (explanatory references) from initialisms/acronyms, convert them to simple see references in the form provided above.

 

 

26.3A6.  Abbreviations   

 

Apply 26.3A6 as follows:  If the name used in the heading contains an ampersand or other symbol representing the word "and" (e.g., the plus sign (+)), make a reference from the name using the word "and" or its equivalent in the language of the heading whenever the symbol occurs within the first five words of the heading.  Make a reference from the full form of other abbreviations only if the abbreviation 1) occurs within the first five words of the heading, 2) is not listed in Appendix B, and 3) does not represent a proper name.

 

110 Donohue & Associates

410 Donohue and Associates

 

110 Breitkopf & Härtel

410 Breitkopf und Härtel

 

110 St. Paul's Cathedral (London, England)

410 Saint Paul's Cathedral (London, England)

 

110 St. Annen-Museum

410 Sankt Annen-Museum

 

110 R. Galleria degli Uffizi

410 Regia Galleria degli Uffizi

 

 

26.3A7.  Different forms of heading   

 

References from Geographic Names

 

Note: Before 1995, references were made from the place in which a local religious institution or U.S. chamber of commerce is located. Delete such references when maintenance is required to the authority record for another reason.

References from Jurisdiction

 

If a government body is entered independently, make a reference from its name as a subheading of the government that created or controls it (cf. 24.17).  Make the reference from the name used in the heading and from the English name if a non-English name has been chosen for the heading. If the body's name includes the name or the abbreviation of the name of the government in noun form, make the reference from jurisdiction followed by the name of the body, omitting the name of the jurisdiction unless such an omission would result in objectionable distortion.

 

110 National Institutes of Health (U.S.)

410 United States. National Institutes of Health

 

110 Victoria and Albert Museum

410 Great Britain. Victoria and Albert Museum

 

110 Universität Heidelberg

410 Baden-Württemberg (Germany). Universität Heidelberg

 

110 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

410 Los Angeles County (Calif.). Natural History Museum

 

110 Musée des beaux-arts de Troyes

410 Troyes (France). Musée des beaux-arts

 

110 Roosevelt Junior High School (Eugene, Or.)

410 Eugene (Or.). Roosevelt Junior High School

 

110 Centre d'étude de la population et de la famille (Belgium)

410 Population and Family Study Centre (Belgium)

410 Centrum voor Bevolkungs- en Gezinsstudien (Belgium)

410 Belgium. Centre d'étude de la population et de la famille

410 Belgium. Population and Family Study Centre

 

110 Muleshoe Junior High School (Muleshoe, Tex.)

410 Muleshoe (Tex.). Junior High School

 

110 Baltimore Redevelopment Corporation

410 Baltimore (Md.). Redevelopment Corporation

 

110 Wyandotte County Museum

410 Wyandotte County (Kan.). Museum

 

110 United States Employment Service

410 United States. Employment Service

 

110 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

410 United States. Fish and Wildlife Service

 

110 Indiana University, Bloomington

410 Indiana. University, Bloomington

 

110 University of California, San Diego

410 California. University of California, San Diego

 

 

26.3B-C.  See also references and Explanatory references    

 

Introduction

These instructions deal with the following types of cross references:

1)  see also references, including "earlier/later heading" references;

2)  Explanatory see also references

   a)  References requiring special texts

   b)  Private communications of heads of state, etc.

   c)  Initial and acronym references

 

See Also References

See also references are used to connect related headings.  When the relationship is not directly sequential or when information about the exact relationship is not known, MARC 21 subfield $w is not supplied. When the relationship is sequential, a special type of see also reference is generated by adding a subfield $w to the 5XX field; "earlier heading" or "later heading" coding is supplied in the 0 position of subfield $w; value "a" or value "b" respectively and may be used whether the sequence results from a name change, reorganization, hierarchical change, official language change, or similar phenomenon.  In case of doubt, do not use the subfield $w.

 

Normally, make references only to connect immediately adjacent headings, thus creating a chain of see also references leading from one heading to another.  However, if the relationship is not clear, it is permissible to connect several headings without the use of the subfield $w (cf. examples 2 and 10 below).

 

1)  Guidelines on making relational references.  When new information about a related body is discovered, apply one of the following alternatives:

   a)  If entries (bibliographic records, subdivisions, see references to other headings) are or will be under the related body, establish the body (if it is not already established) and make the appropriate see also or earlier/later heading references.

   b)  If the related body is not established in the catalog against which the searching and cataloging is performed and it is not likely it will ever be needed, record data about the related body on the authority record for the heading being established.  After the name in the source citation, bracket in a statement e.g., "[no publs. in LC database]," "[no publs. in RLIN21 database]"  This alternative should not normally be applied when an earlier name is being established and the later name is the one for which no publications have been received.

 

110 2# $a Tucker Manufacturing & Engine Company

670 ## $a Tucker Mfg. & Engine Co. ... 1992: $b cover (Tucker Manufacturing & Engine Company, Arlington, Va.) pref. (Tucker Manufacturing Company [no publs. in LC database] formed in 1879; Tucker interests combined in 1936 to form single firm known as Tucker Manufacturing & Engine Company)

 

2)  Evaluating existing references.  When evaluating existing see also references on automated authority records, normally, retain the reference (adjusting it to current practice and AACR2) if there is an authority record for the heading referred from in the LC/NAF.  If there is no authority record, apply the guidelines above in deciding whether to retain or delete the reference.  If the reference is retained, an authority record must be made for the heading.

 

3)  Procedures

   a)  All headings connected by the references must be represented in the authority file, including those for which there are no bibliographic records.  All headings and references leading to the headings must be in correct LC AACR2 form.  Establish any heading not yet in the authority file.

 

   b)  Source citations.  When giving data in the authority record (MARC 21 fields 670 and/or 675), generally, cite at least sources that deal with the immediately preceding and succeeding headings.

 

If a source gives only an earlier or later name but not the name used in the heading, cite the source in a 675 field.  Do not, however, divide a citation for successive issues of a serial; give the complete citation in a 670 field if any volume contains the heading or in a 675 field if no volume contains the heading.

 

Justification (additional 670 fields) on the authority record of preceding or succeeding headings is not required in the following cases:

      (1)  changes in government heading because of an official language change;

      (2)  changes involving only a parent body to which the body being established is subordinate;

      (3)  when converting existing information in the 665 field to see also references.  Do not normally add source citations to justify references between headings already represented in the authority record.  Add sources to justify new references.

 

   c)  Tracings.  On each name authority record, trace a see also reference for each heading to be connected, other than the heading for which the authority record is being prepared.  If appropriate, use subfield $w with the value "a" (earlier heading) or value "b" (later heading).

 

   d)  Geographic names.  Changes to geographic names are handled the same way as changes to corporate names.  Whenever earlier/later headings for a jurisdiction are being created or an existing heading for a jurisdiction is being changed, the addition or adjustment of a 667 "Subject usage note" may be required.  Notification to CPSO to make this change is requested and LC and PCC catalogers are advised to consult the Descriptive Cataloging Manual Z1 supplement to the MARC 21 Format for Authority Data for further guidelines.

 

   e)  Conference names. Use judgement in determining the need for adding earlier/later heading references for conference name changes, judging whether or not the addition of the see also reference is useful and/or improves access to the catalog.  If see also references are created follow the guidelines provided above. (cf. examples in 9 below).

 

Examples (Note that the complete reference structure may not be shown in each example)

1)  Available information:  Some of the principal members of the Ballets des Champs Elysées left the company to form the Ballet de Paris; the former continued to exist, however.

 

authority record:

 

110 2# $a Ballets des Champs Elysées

510 2# $a Ballets de Paris

 

resulting reference:

 

Ballet de Paris

see also

Ballets des Champs Elysées

 

authority record:

 

110 2# $a Ballet de Paris

510 2# $a Ballets des Champs Elysées

 

resulting reference:

 

Ballets des Champs Elysées

see also

Ballet de Paris

 

2)  The available information about the relationship is not clear and/or there is not enough information readily available to determine the chronological relationships. Simple see also references without the subfield $w are used to connect the headings.  All the headings are connected by see also references.

 

authority record:

 

110 1# $a Argentina. $b Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería

510 1# $a Argentina. $b Ministerio de Agricultura

510 1# $a Argentina. $b Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura y Ganadería

 

resulting references:

 

Argentina. Ministerio de Agricultura

see also

Argentina. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería

 

Argentina. Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura y Ganadería

see also

Argentina. Ministerio de Agricultura

 

authority record:

 

110 1# $a Argentina. $b Ministerio de Agricultura

510 1# $a Argentina. $b Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia

510 1# $a Argentina. $b Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura y Ganadería

 

resulting references:

 

Argentina. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería

see also

Argentina. Ministerio de Agricultura

 

Argentina. Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura y Ganadería

see also

Argentina. Ministerio de Agricultura

 

authority record:

 

110 1# $a Argentina. $b Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura y Ganadería

510 1# $a Argentina. $b Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia

510 1# $a Argentina. $b Ministerio de Agricultura

 

resulting references:

 

Argentina. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería

see also

Argentina. Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura y Ganadería

 

Argentina. Ministerio de Agricultura

see also

Argentina. Secretaría de Estado de Agricultura y Ganadería

 

3)  Available information:  The American Material Handling Society changed its name to International Material Management Society.

 

authority record:

 

110 2# $a American Material Handling Society

510 2# $w b $a International Material Management Society

 

resulting reference:

 

International Material Management Society

see also the earlier heading

American Material Handling Society

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a International Material Management Society

510 2# $w a $a American Material Handling Society

 

resulting reference

 

American Material Handling Society

see also the later heading

International Material Management Society

 

4)  Available information:  The name of the International Union of American Republics was changed in 1910 to Union of American Republics and in 1949 to Organization of American States.

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a International Union of American Republics

510 2# $w b $a Union of American Republics

 

resulting reference

 

Union of American Republics

see also the earlier heading

International Union of American Republics

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a Union of American Republics

510 2# $w a $a International Union of American Republics

510 2# $w b $a Organization of American States

 

resulting references

 

International Union of American Republics

see also the later heading

Union of American Republics

 

Organization of American States

see also the earlier heading

Union of American Republics

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a Organization of American States

510 2# $w a $a Union of American Republics

 

resulting reference

 

Union of American Republics

see also the later heading

Organization of American States

 

5)  Available information:  In 1954 the Screen Writers' Guild and the Radio Writers Guild merged to form the Writers Guild of America, West.

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a Screen Writers' Guild

510 2# $w b $a Writers Guild of America, West

 

resulting reference

 

Writers Guild of America, West

see also the earlier heading

Screen Writers' Guild

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a Radio Writers Guild

510 2# $w b $a Writers Guild of America, West

 

resulting reference

 

Writers Guild of America, West

see also the earlier heading

Radio Writers Guild

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a Writers Guild of America, West

510 2# $w a $a Screen Writers' Guild

510 2# $w a $a Radio Writers Guild

 

resulting references

 

Screen Writers' Guild

see also the later heading

Writers Guild of America, West

 

Radio Writers Guild

see also the later heading

Writers Guild of America, West

 

6)  Available information:  The name of the American-Asian Education Exchange was changed in 1962 to American Afro-Asian Education Exchange; in 1967 the original name was resumed.

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a American-Asian Education Exchange

510 2# $a American Afro-Asian Education Exchange

 

resulting reference

 

American Afro-Asian Education Exchange

see also

American-Asian Education Exchange

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a American Afro-Asian Education Exchange

510 2# $a American-Asian Education Exchange

 

resulting reference

 

American-Asian Education Exchange

see also

American Afro-Asian Education Exchange

 

(References were made at the time of the first change of name that had the display constants "see also the earlier heading/see also the later heading."  When the original name was resumed, the $w was deleted resulting in simple see also references.)

 

 

7)  Available information:  Drabenderhöhe changed its name in 1961 to Bielstein; in 1969 Bielstein was absorbed by Wiehl.

 

authority record

 

151 ## $a Drabenderhöhe (Germany)

551 ## $w b $a Bielstein (Germany)

 

resulting reference

 

Bielstein (Germany)

see also the earlier heading

Drabenderhöhe (Germany)

 

authority record

 

151 ## $a Bielstein (Germany)

551 ## $w a $a Drabenderhöhe (Germany)

551 ## $a Wiehl (Germany)

 

resulting references

 

Drabenderhöhe (Germany)

see also the later heading

Bielstein (Germany)

 

Wiehl (Germany)

see also

Bielstein (Germany)

 

authority record

 

151 ## $a Wiehl (Germany)

551 ## $a Bielstein (Germany)

 

resulting reference

 

Bielstein (Germany)

see also

Wiehl (Germany)

 

8)  When under earlier cataloging rules a see reference tracing from one or more earlier names has already been made retain the see reference tracing until the heading is needed for a new publication.  When it is needed, establish the heading and convert the see reference tracing to a see also reference tracing (cf. LCRI 26.3). Do not change any existing bibliographic records.  

 

Available information:  The International Federation of General Factory Workers was established in 1907.  In 1950 the name was changed to International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions and in 1964 to International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions.  Works published before the change of name in 1964 are found under International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions.

 

a)  Earliest name not yet used as a heading

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

410 2# $a International Federation of General Factory Workers

510 2# $w b $a International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions

 

resulting references

 

International Federation of General Factory Workers

see

International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

 

International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions

see also the earlier heading

International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions

510 2# $w a $a International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

 

resulting reference

 

International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

see also the later heading

International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions

 

b)  Earliest name now needed as a heading.  When the heading "International Federation of General Factory Workers" is needed for a newly cataloged item, establish the heading and make a see also reference.  Do not change any existing bibliographic records.

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a International Federation of General Factory Workers

510 2# $w b $a International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

 

resulting reference

 

International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

see also the earlier heading

International Federation of General Factory Workers

 

 

On the authority record for "International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions," change the see reference to a see also reference.

 

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

510 2# $w a $a International Federation of General Factory Workers

510 2# $w b $a International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions

 

resulting new reference

 

International Federation of General Factory Workers

see also the later heading

International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions

 

 

9)  When judged useful, connect authority records for named meetings in the same way as for other corporate names.  Do not add notes to the bibliographic records for unnamed meetings.

Available information:  The 3rd, 7th, and 9th of the following series of meetings were named; the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th were unnamed and the proceedings of those meetings are entered under title.

 

authority record

 

111 2# $a Symposium on the Plasma Membrane $d (1961 : $c New York, N.Y.)

511 2# $w b $a Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism $d (1965 : $c New York, N.Y.)

 

resulting reference

 

Symposium on the Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)

see also the earlier heading

Symposium on the Plasma Membrane (1961 : New York, N.Y.)

 

authority record

 

111 2# $a Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism $d (1965 : $c New York, N.Y.)

511 2# $w a $a Symposium on the Plasma Membrane $d (1961 : $c New  York, N.Y.)

511 2# $w b $a Basic Science Symposium

 

resulting references

 

Symposium on the Plasma Membrane (1961 : New York, N.Y.)

see also the later heading

Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)

 

Basic Science Symposium

see also the earlier heading

Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)

 

authority record

 

111 2# $a Basic Science Symposium

511 2# $w a $a Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism $d (1965 : $c New York, N.Y.)

 

resulting reference

 

Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)

see also the later heading

Basic Science Symposium

 

 

 

10)  Available information:  In 1963 the Arkansas Resources and Development Commission was replaced by the Arkansas Geological Commission.  The following bodies are known to be related to these bodies but the nature of the relationship is uncertain:  Arkansas. State Geologist; Arkansas. Office of the State Geologist; Arkansas. Division of Geology; Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission.  All the headings are connected to all the other headings, as illustrated by the following example showing only one of the headings:

 

authority record

 

110 2# $a Arkansas Resources and Development Commission

510 2# $a Arkansas Geological Commission

510 2# $a Arkansas. $b State Geologist

510 1# $a Arkansas. $b Office of the State Geologist

510 1# $a Arkansas. $b Division of Geology

510 2# $a Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission

 

resulting references

 

Arkansas Geological Commission

see also

Arkansas Resources and Development Commission

 

Arkansas. State Geologist

see also

Arkansas Resources and Development Commission

 

Arkansas. Office of the State Geologist

see also

Arkansas Resources and Development Commission

 

Arkansas. Division of Geology

see also

Arkansas Resources and Development Commission

 

Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission

see also

Arkansas Resources and Development Commission

 

 

MARC 21 field 663/664 (Complex See Also and See References)

1)  "General" references.  Explanatory references of the type illustrated by the examples in 26.3C1 of AACR2 for "Aktiebolaget ...," "Conference ...," and "Catholic Church. Sacra ..." are not used on name authority records created by the Library of Congress or by PCC contributors. Instead, the specific reference is supplied in all authority records.

 

2)  Private communications of heads of state, etc.  Create reciprocal see also references to connect headings for heads of state, ecclesiastical officials, etc., to the corresponding official heading instead of the explanatory reference called for in 21.4D2 and illustrated in 26.3C1.

 

authority record

100 0# $a Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, $c Shah of Iran, $d 1919-

510 1# $a Iran. $b Shah (1941-1979 : Mohammed Reza Pahlavi)

(Subfield $w not needed)

 

And

 

110 1# $a Iran. $b Shah (1941-1979 : Mohammed Reza Pahlavi)

500 0# $a Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, $c Shah of Iran, $d 1919-

(Subfield $w not needed)

 

resulting references

 

Iran. Shah (1941-1979 : Mohammed Reza Pahlavi)

see also

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 1919-

 

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 1919-

see also

Iran. Shah (1941-1979 : Mohammed Reza Pahlavi)

 

Before 2005,  reciprocal references were not routinely provided from the personal name to the corporate name authority record.  Add such references when maintenance work is required to the authority record for another reason.

 

Note: Catalogers are reminded that LC Descriptive Cataloging Manual (DCM) Z1 provides information for the appropriate coding of the MARC 21 fixed field (008) positions 11 and 15 as well as instructions for the addition of a "Subject usage" 667 note field when creating the corporate name authority record.

 

 

Library of Congress Rule Interpretations

Copyright (c)2004 by the Library of Congress except within the USA.