26.1. General Rule
Scope
In general, apply the guidelines in LCRI 26 when formulating the reference structure for new authority records and in evaluating references on existing authority records.
Normalization
Do not trace a see reference that would normalize to the same form as the heading or see reference on the same record or to the same form as a heading on another record.
Forms of References
In general, construct a reference in the same form in which it would be constructed if chosen as the heading. Exception: Until practices related to the form and style of nonroman script references have been established, it is not necessary to construct nonroman references in the same form as the heading. Code all records with nonroman script references with value "b" (Tracings are not necessarily consistent with the heading) in 008/29 (Reference evaluation) and generally let nonroman references stand unless egregiously incorrect. Because the LC LC/NACO Authority File includes headings constructed according to earlier practices, in some cases references must be formulated to "match" the existing heading. Specific instructions are below.
1) Personal names
a) Dates. Include dates in references if they have been included in the heading. If the form of reference conflicts with an established heading, resolve the conflict by using dates in the reference, even if they are not used in the heading.
b) Initials. In references containing initials, generally include in parentheses the full form of the name represented by the initial(s) when known. However, if the initial is represented in the heading without the full form being given there, make the reference "match" the heading.
100 1# $a Boudin, Eugène, $d 1824-1898
400 1# $a Boudin, E. $q (Eugène), $d 1824-1898
400 1# $a Boudin, L. E. $q (Louis Eugène), $d 1824-1898
400 1# $a Boudin, Louis Eugène, $d 1824-1898
100 1# $a Hays, James D., $d 1926-
400 1# $a Hays, J. D. $q (James D.), $d 1926-
not
400 1# $a Hays, J. D. $q (James Donald), $d 1926-
100 1# $a Henao Vélez, César G.
400 1# $a Vélez, César G. Henao
not
400 1# $a Vélez, César G. Henao $q (César Gabriel Henao)
Do not combine different language forms or romanizations.
100 1# $a Arnoľdov,
400 1# $a Arnoldow, A. I.
not
400 1# $a Arnoldow, A. I. $q (Arnoľd Isaevich)
c) Titles/epithets. Include titles and epithets used in the heading in the reference unless, for titles, they are not appropriate to the form in the reference, or, for epithets, the purpose is to refer from a form containing a different epithet. For variant language forms for a person entered under surname, include titles of nobility and terms of honor and address in the form found in the source for the reference. If the source for the reference does not include the title, etc., use in the reference the term used in the heading, although it is in a different language.
100 0# $a William, $c of
400 0# $a Guillaume, $c d'Auvergne, Bishop of Paris, $d d. 1249
100 0# $a Maria, $c Mother, $d 1912-1977
400 0# $a Gysi,
100 0# $a Gruoch, $c Queen, consort of Macbeth, King of Scotland
400 0# $a Gruach, $c Queen, consort of Macbeth, King of Scotland
400 0# $a Macbeth, $c Lady
100 1# $a Custine, Astolphe, $c marquis de, $d 1790-1857
400 1# $a KÃstin, Adolf, $c markiz de, $d 1790-1857
100 1# $a Aufsess, Hans Max, $c Freiherr von und zu
400 1# $a Aufsess, H. M. $q (Hans Max), $c Freiherr von und zu
Additional examples illustrating formats of references (full reference structure not necessarily shown):
100 1# $a Scottow, Joshua, $d 1618-1698
400 0# $a J. S. $q (Joshua Scottow), $d 1618-1698
100 1# $a Sassoon, Siegfried, $d 1886-1967
400 0# $a Author of Memoirs of a fox-hunting man, $d 1886-1967
400 0# $a Memoirs of a fox-hunting man, Author of, $d 1886-1967
100 1# $a Evans-Pritchard, E. E. $q (Edward Evan)
400 1# $a Pritchard, E. E. Evans- $q (Edward Evan Evans-)
100 1# $a Roos, S. H. de $q (Sjoerd Hendrik), $d 1877-1962
400 1# $a Roos, Sjoerd H. de $q (Sjoerd Hendrik), $d 1877-1962
100 1# $a Sigaud de La Fond, $c M. $q (Joseph Aignan), $d 1730-1810
400 1# $a De La Fond, Sigaud, $c M. $q (Joseph Aignan), $d 1730-1810
400 1# $a La Fond, Sigaud de, $c M. $q (Joseph Aignan), $d 1730-1810
400 1# $a Fond, Sigaud de La, $c M. $q (Joseph Aignan), $d 1730-1810
2) Corporate names
a) Qualifiers. Include qualifiers in the reference if appropriate to the form in the reference even if the qualifier has not been used in the heading because of earlier policies or because it is not appropriate there. Exception: Do not add a qualifier to a reference consisting solely of an initialism unless a qualifier is required to break a conflict with the 1XX heading on another record. If such a conflict exists, a qualifier is required-- use judgment to select an appropriate term to use in the qualifier, e.g., a general term per 24.4B or the spelled-out form of the initialism found in the reference. An initialism reference on one record may be the same as an initialism reference on another record.
151 2# $a
451 2# $a Gent (
110 2# $a Galleria nazionale d'arte moderna (
410 2# $a National Gallery of
Modern Art (
111 2# $a Conférence
Europe-Afrique $d (1979 : $c
411 2# $a Euro-Afrikanische
Konferenz $d (1979 : $c
110 2# $a Evangelisk
lutherske frikirke (
410 2# $a Evangelical Lutheran
Free Church of
110 2# $a National Cultural History and Open-air Museum
410 2# $a Nasionale
Kultuurhistoriese en Opelugmuseum
(
110 2# $a BANAS (Organization :
410 2# $a B.A.N.A.S.
110 2# $a
410 2# $a Wood Energy Coordinating Group (N.C.)
110 2# $a Société des arts de Genève
410 2# $a Société
pour l'avancement des arts (
110 2# $a BFA Educational Media
410 2# $a B.F.A. Educational Media (Firm)
110 2# $a Servicio Universitario Mundial
410 2# $a SUM (Servicio Universitario Mundial)
(Qualifier added to reference in order to break conflict with personal name heading "Sm")
b) Terms of incorporation. Construct the reference to "match" the heading with regard to the presence, absence, or form of a term of incorporation.
110 2# $a William Claiborne, inc.
410 2# $a Claiborne, inc.
Combined References
When reference is made to two or more different headings from the same form, trace individual references rather than listing on one combined reference all headings referred to through the cataloger-generated reference technique. Use a cataloger-generated reference only when a special explanatory referral legend is needed, e.g., for pseudonymous authors (cf. LCRI 22.2B).
Typographic Style
Generally, LC typographic style will not change.
Initial Articles
Treat references just as headings with respect to deletion/ retention of initial articles.
26.1A.
Option Decision
Apply the optional provision of the rule whenever the information is readily available. Cf. LCRI 26.3B-C.
26.2. Names of
Persons
Preliminary Note
These guidelines are applicable primarily when establishing headings initially.
Recording Variant Forms of Name
Record all forms of name found on the chief source of the work being cataloged (including CIP title pages). For forms of name that are not on the chief source but that are found in the normal course of examining the work, be selective: record only those forms that are judged to add important information identifying the author (most commonly, a fuller form of name) or to justify tracing a needed reference. In particular, do not record a form that consists of a surname alone when that form is a variant. References are traced only from recorded forms. See the guidelines below when deciding which recorded forms require references.
Referring from Variant Forms
1) Normally, do not trace a reference from the old catalog heading. However, if judged useful by the cataloger or for specified projects, a linking reference may be made. If the form of the resulting reference (i.e., the way it is structured, not its degree of fullness) is not in accord with current policy, code it "do not make" and trace another reference constructed according to current policy.
2) Trace a reference from each variant that affects the primary elements of the name. For the normal, inverted heading this means variations in all elements to the left of the comma and in the first element to the right of the comma. Do not trace a reference that would normalize to the same form as the heading or a see reference on the same record, or to the same form as a heading on another record.
3) Refer from other variants (i.e., those that do not affect the primary entry elements) when it is judged the access to the catalog would be improved, e.g., when the heading is a common-sounding name.
4) Make one reference from each possible entry element of the name chosen as the heading, including each separate particle or prefix but excluding connectives such as "y" and "und." (In this connection, ignore the "Bure" example in AACR2 rule 26.2A3; this is based on actual usage, not an arbitrary permutation of the heading.)
5) Generally, make only one reference from each variant in each script, normally constructing it in the form in which it would be constructed if chosen as the heading (cf. specific instructions in LCRI 26.1, including the exception for nonroman script references). In addition, if applicable, make one reference under each surname element, other than particles and prefixes, not already referred from. Normally, do not otherwise make references that are "variants of the variant."
6) In constructing references, prefer forms corresponding to usage over forms corresponding to qualifiers (cf. the last example below).
Follow these principles when creating new headings, and follow them, also, as closely as possible when evaluating references on existing authority records and when creating automated authority records for headings found in the machine files (or in the manual catalog, if this has been consulted). For already evaluated reference structures, generally, allow the references to stand that are not provided for in these instructions.
Examples:
100 1# $a Freeman, Robert, $d 1948-
670 ## $a His Hidden treasure, 1980: $b t.p. (Robert Freeman)
670 ## $a Phone call to author, 3/31/82 $b (Robert Eliot Freeman; b. 6/18/48)
(No references)
100 1# $a Jenkins, Barbara
670 ## $a Jenkins, P. The walk west, 1981: $b CIP t.p. (Barbara Jenkins) CIP data sheet (Barbara Jo Pennell Jenkins)
(No references)
100 1# $a Klughorn, Jason
400 1# $a Klughorn, Jay
670 ## $a His Mud pies, 1980: $b t.p. (Jason Klughorn) CIP data sheet (Jay Klughorn)
100 1# $a Jackson, Richard L.
400 1# $a Jackson, Rick
670 ## $a Conflict and cooperation in police labour relations, c1980: $b t.p. (Richard L. Jackson) p. 239 (Rick Jackson)
100 1# $a Inmon, William H.
400 1# $a Inmon, W. H. $q (William H.)
670 ## $a His Effective data base design, 1980: $b t.p. (William H. Inmon)
670 ## $a His Design review methodology for a data base environment, c1982: $b t.p. (W.H. Inmon)
100 1# $a Hendrix, Louise Butts
400 1# $a Butts, Louise
670 ## $a Her Sutter Buttes,
100 1# $a Morgan, C. J. $q (Carol Jean)
400 1# $a Morgan, Kim
400 1# $a Morgan, Carol Jean
670 ## $a National Career Education Conf. (1977 :
670 ## $a Aust. nat. bib. $b (Morgan, Carol Jean)
100 1# $a Welch, Kenneth R. G.
400 1# $a Welch, K. R. G. $q (Kenneth R. G.)
670 ## $a His Herpetology of Europe and southwest
100 1# $a Clark, T. J. $q (Timothy J.)
400 1# $a Clark, Timothy J.
670 ## $a His Image of the people, 1982: $b t.p. (T.J. Clark)
670 ## $q LC database, 7/14/83 $b (hdg.: Clark, Timothy J.; usage: T.J. Clark)
100 1# $a Gueligue,
400 1# $a Gueligue, Eugène Sèlidji
670 ## $a His Lire, écrire et parler fon, 1978- : $b t. 1, t.p. (E. Sèlidji Gueligue) pref. (Eugène Sèlidji Gueligue)
100 1# $a Meier-David, Huguette
400 1# $a David, Huguette Meier-
400 1# $a Meyer-David, Huguette
not also
400 1# $a Meier David, Huguette
("Meier-David"
and "Meier David" file the same)
not also
400 1# $a David, Huguette Meyer-
(This is a variant of
the variant "400 Meyer-David, Huguette"
traced above)
670 ## $a Zado, R. Die kleine Rodung, 1978: $b t.p. (Huguette Meier-David) verso t.p. (Huguette Meier David) p. 16 (Huguette Meyer-David)
100 1# $a
400 1# $a
400 1# $a Marimon, Montserrat
670 ## $a Her Aprendizaje y desarrollo intelectual, 1980: $b t.p. (Montserrat Moreno) cover p. 4 (Montserrat Moreno Marimon)
100 1# $a Marure, Mateo Antonio, $d 1783?-1814
400 1# $a Marure y Guzmán, Matheo Antonio, $d 1783?-1814
400 1# $a Marure Guzmán, Matheo Antonio, $d 1783?-1814
400 1# $a Marure, Matheo Antonio, $d 1783?-1814
400 1# $a Guzmán, Matheo Antonio Marure y, $d 1783?-1814
400 1# $a Guzmán, Matheo Antonio Marure, $d 1783?-1814
(Only one of the two
preceding references should be made; it does not matter which)
670 ## $a Vela. Un procer preterido, 1980: $b p. 17 (Matheo Antonio Marure y Guzmán) p. 20 (Matheo Antonio Marure Guzmán) p. 21 (Matheo Antonio Marure)
670 ## $a
100 1# $a García de Miguel, J. M. $q (José María)
400 1# $a De Miguel, J. M. García $q (José María García)
400 1# $a Miguel, J. M. García de $q (José María García)
400 1# $a García de Miguel, José María
670 ## $a His Quimica del cristal, 1978: $b t.p. (J.M. García de Miguel)
670 ## $a Sp 78-Apr $b (García de Miguel, José María)
100 1# $a Van der Walt, C. J. $q (Charl Jacobus)
400 1# $a Van der Walt, Charl Jacobus
400 1# $a Der Walt, C. J. van $q (Charl Jacobus)
400 1# $a Walt, C. J. van der $q (Charl Jacobus)
100 1# $a Mills, R. A. $q (Rachel A.)
400 1# $a Mills, Rachel
670 ## $a Modern ocean floor processes and the geological record, 1998: $b t.p. (R.A. Mills) pref. (Rachel Mills)
not
400 1# $a Mills, Rachel A.
Note that if another
Rachel Mills were already established in the authority file, the form of the
cross reference in the above example would then become:
400 1# $a Mills, Rachel $q (Rachel A.)
26.2C. "See
also" references
See also References from Individuals to the Group
When the name of a group contains the name of one or more of its members, make a see also reference from the heading for each individual named in the group heading to the heading for that group and from that group heading to the heading for each individual.
110 2# $a Ferrante and Teicher
500 1# $a Ferrante, Arthur
500 1# $a Teicher, Louis
(Complete complement of references not shown)
100 1# $a Ferrante, Arthur
510 2# $a Ferrante and Teicher
100 1# $a Teicher, Louis
510 2# $a Ferrante and Teicher
LC practice: The Library of Congress limits making these see also references to entities described within LC's collections of special materials (in lieu of making multiple added entries on individual bibliographic records) including music performing groups, when the information is readily available, the names of individual members are already established, and cataloging resources permit. Do not create an authority record for an individual just to add the see also reference. (Note: Between 1995-2007 LC did not make references from the group heading to each individual in the group, i.e., it did not add a 510 tracing for the group to the authority records for each member of the group. Add a missing reference only when encountered in current cataloging and the name of an individual member of the group is already established.)
26.3. Geographic Names
and Names of Corporate Bodies
Follow these principles for new headings and as closely as possible in evaluating references on existing authority records and in creating automated authority records for headings found in the machine files (or in the manual catalog, if consulted). When the particular reference structure has already been evaluated, it is not necessary to delete references not provided for by these instructions but provided for by earlier editions of these instructions.
Generally, trace a reference from variant forms of entry that apply to the name chosen for the heading. However, do not trace a reference that would normalize to the same form as the heading on the same record or to the same form as a heading on another record. For variant forms of a name, generally, trace only one reference from each variant, normally, constructing it in the form in which it would be constructed if chosen as the heading. If, however, the name chosen for the heading is not in English and the name occurs in an English form, also trace references from the variant forms of entry that apply to the English form. (If, in such a case, there are multiple English forms, choose only one of the English forms to use in tracing references from the different forms of entry.)
110 Fogg Art Museum
410 William Hayes Fogg Art Museum
410 Harvard University.
not
also
410 Harvard University.
110
410
410
not
also
410
110 Museum für
Indische Kunst (
410
410 Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Museum für Indische Kunst
410 Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz.
110 United States. Agency for International Development
410 United States. Agencia Internacional para el Desarrollo
410 United States. Dept. of State. Agency for International Development
not
also
410 United States. Dept. of State. Agencia Internacional para el Desarrollo
110
410
410
410
410
not
also
410
110
410
410
410
not
also
410
26.3A. See references
26.3A3. Different forms of
the name
References from Personal Names in the Names of Corporate
Bodies
When the name of a corporate body begins with a person's forename(s) and surname or initial(s) and surname, make a reference from the surname and the remainder of the corporate name, omitting the forename(s) or initial(s).
110 Art Tatum Trio
410 Tatum Trio
110 M.C. Brackenbury &
410 Brackenbury &
When the corporate name begins with a person's title plus forename(s) or initial(s), make two references:
1) from the surname and the remainder of the corporate name, omitting the title and forename(s) or initial(s);
2) from the forename(s) or initial(s) and surname and the remainder of the corporate name, omitting the title.
110 Doktor Wilmar Schwabe G.m.b.H.
410 Wilmar Schwabe G.m.b.H.
410 Schwabe G.m.b.H.
Geographic Names Beginning with an Article
For geographic names beginning with an article, make a reference from the name following the article, omitting the article.
151 La Ventana
(
451 Ventana
(
References from Inverted Names of Government Subheadings
1) Make an inverted reference (under jurisdiction) from the generic term in the name that indicates the type of agency (e.g., dept., board, committee) when this term is preceded by a word or words that may not be recognized as part of the name.
110
410
2) Make an inverted reference (under jurisdiction) from the first key word in the name and from the key word of an English form of name of an agency entered in a foreign language (regardless of the grammar of the language involved).
110
410
110
410
110
410
Make such inverted references only for headings entered directly under the jurisdiction.
Do not make the inverted references if the government body is entered under its own name rather than as a subheading of the jurisdiction.
References from Inverted Names of
Conferences, Exhibitions, Fairs, Festivals, etc.
Make the types of references below from inverted forms of the name of a conference, fair, festival, etc. Omit parenthetical additions in the heading from the references.
1) Make an inverted reference from the first word following the name or the abbreviation of the name of a sponsor when the name of the sponsor is the first element of the conference name.
2) Make an inverted reference from the generic term in the name that indicates the heading is for a meeting (e.g., conference, symposium, workshop) when this word is preceded by a word or words that may not be recognized as part of the conference name.
111 IBM Scientific Computing
Symposium of Environmental Sciences (1966 :
411 Scientific Computing Symposium on Environmental Sciences, IBM
411 Symposium on Environmental Sciences, IBM Scientific Computing
111 International Conference on
Industrial Relations (1965 :
411 Conference on Industrial Relations, International
111 Work Conference on Literacy
411 Conference on Literacy, Work
111 Governor's
Conference on Education (
411 Conference on Education, Governor's
Terms of Royal Privilege
For names beginning with a term of royal privilege, make an inverted reference from the part of the name following the term of royal privilege.
110 Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Jorge
410 Academia de Bellas Artes de San Jorge, Real
26.3A4. Initials
Initialism and Acronym
References
When a heading or a reference consists of or contains an initialism or acronym, follow the usage of the body with respect to the capitalization of the initialism (all capital letters or not) and the punctuation of it (use of periods between the letters or not).
When the initialism occurs within the first five words of the heading or reference, provide cross references according to the following guidelines:
a) Make references from all forms actually found that include variations in the punctuation of the initialism.
b) When the only form found includes periods between the letters of the initialism, also make a reference from the form without periods.
c) When the only form found is without periods between the letters, do not make up a reference from the form with periods inserted, since publications as well as reference sources show that a general abandonment of periods between corporate initials has already taken place and shows signs of becoming obsolete. Since, however, the criterion of usage is not practicable with existing records, do not delete these references already made, whether in evaluated or unevaluated reference structures.
110 2# $a World Meteorological Organization
410 2# $a WMO
410 2# $a Organisation météorologique mondiale
410 2# $a OMM
110 2# $a International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
410 2# $a IFLA
110 2# $a
410 2# $a ORSANCO
110 2# $a COMPEX
410 2# $a Combined Philatelic Exhibition of Chicagoland
110 2# $a A.G.A. Gas Supply Committee
410 2# $a AGA Gas Supply Committee
110 2# $a Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. $b Instytut Historii
410 2# $a IH UAM
110 2# $a entral¢nyĭ institut nauchno-tekhnicheskoĭ informaÝii i tekhniko-ėkonomicheskikh issledovaniĭ po khimicheskomu i neftÂnomu mashinostroeniÃ
410 2# $a INTIkhimneftemash
110 2# $a Moskovskiĭ gorodskoĭ bank
410 2# $a Mosgorbank
When, during evaluation of references currently traced on authority records, the cataloger finds MARC 21 field 664 (explanatory references) from initialisms/acronyms, convert them to simple see references in the form provided above.
26.3A6. Abbreviations
Apply 26.3A6 as follows: If the name used in the heading contains an ampersand or other symbol representing the word "and" (e.g., the plus sign (+)), make a reference from the name using the word "and" or its equivalent in the language of the heading whenever the symbol occurs within the first five words of the heading. Make a reference from the full form of other abbreviations only if the abbreviation 1) occurs within the first five words of the heading, 2) is not listed in Appendix B, and 3) does not represent a proper name.
110 Donohue & Associates
410 Donohue and Associates
110 Breitkopf & Härtel
410 Breitkopf und Härtel
110
410
110
410 Sankt Annen-Museum
110 R. Galleria degli Uffizi
410 Regia Galleria degli Uffizi
26.3A7. Different forms of
heading
References from Geographic Names
Note: Before 1995, references were made from the place in
which a local religious institution or
References from Jurisdiction
If a government body is entered independently, make a reference from its name as a subheading of the government that created or controls it (cf. 24.17). Make the reference from the name used in the heading and from the English name if a non-English name has been chosen for the heading. If the body's name includes the name or the abbreviation of the name of the government in noun form, make the reference from jurisdiction followed by the name of the body, omitting the name of the jurisdiction unless such an omission would result in objectionable distortion.
110 National
Institutes of Health (
410 United States. National Institutes of Health
110
410
110 Universität
410
Baden-Württemberg (
110 Natural History Museum of
410
110 Musée
des beaux-arts de
410
110 Roosevelt Junior High School (
410 Eugene (Or.).
110 Centre d'étude
de la population et de la famille
(
410 Population
and Family Study Centre (
410 Centrum voor
Bevolkungs- en Gezinsstudien
(
410
410
110 Muleshoe
Junior High School (
410 Muleshoe (
110
410 Baltimore (
110
410
110
410 United States. Employment Service
110
410 United States. Fish and Wildlife Service
110
410
110 University of
410
26.3B-C. See also references
and Explanatory references
Introduction
These instructions deal with the following types of cross
references:
1) see
also references, including "earlier/later heading" references;
2) Explanatory see also references
a) References requiring special texts
b) Private communications of heads of state,
etc.
c) Initial and acronym references
See Also References
See also references are used to connect related
headings. When the relationship is not
directly sequential or when information about the exact relationship is not
known, MARC 21 subfield $w is not supplied. When the relationship is
sequential, a special type of see also reference is generated by adding a
subfield $w to the 5XX field; "earlier heading" or "later
heading" coding is supplied in the 0 position of subfield $w; value
"a" or value "b" respectively and may be used whether the
sequence results from a name change, reorganization, hierarchical change,
official language change, or similar phenomenon. In case of doubt, do not use the subfield $w.
Normally, make references only to connect immediately
adjacent headings, thus creating a chain of see also references leading from
one heading to another. However, if the
relationship is not clear, it is permissible to connect several headings without
the use of the subfield $w (cf. examples 2 and 10 below).
1) Guidelines on
making relational references. When new
information about a related body is discovered, apply one of the following
alternatives:
a) If entries (bibliographic
records, subdivisions, see references to other headings)
are or will be under the related body, establish the body (if it is not already
established) and make the appropriate see also or earlier/later heading
references.
b) If the related body is not established in the
catalog against which the searching and cataloging is performed and it is not
likely it will ever be needed, record data about the related body on the
authority record for the heading being established. After the name in the
source citation, bracket in a statement e.g., "[no publs.
in LC database]," "[no publs.
in RLIN21 database]" This alternative should not normally be
applied when an earlier name is being established and the later name is the one
for which no publications have been received.
110 2# $a Tucker Manufacturing
& Engine Company
670 ## $a Tucker Mfg. & Engine
Co. ... 1992: $b cover (Tucker Manufacturing & Engine Company, Arlington,
Va.) pref. (Tucker Manufacturing Company [no publs.
in LC database] formed in 1879; Tucker interests combined in 1936 to form
single firm known as Tucker Manufacturing & Engine Company)
2) Evaluating
existing references. When evaluating
existing see also references on automated authority records, normally, retain
the reference (adjusting it to current practice and AACR2) if there is an
authority record for the heading referred from in the LC/NAF. If there is no authority record, apply the
guidelines above in deciding whether to retain or delete the reference. If the reference is retained, an authority
record must be made for the heading.
3) Procedures
a) All headings connected by the
references must be represented in the authority file, including those for which
there are no bibliographic records. All
headings and references leading to the headings must be in correct LC AACR2
form. Establish any heading not yet in
the authority file.
b) Source citations. When giving data in the authority record
(MARC 21 fields 670 and/or 675), generally, cite at least sources that deal
with the immediately preceding and succeeding headings.
If a source gives only an earlier
or later name but not the name used in the heading, cite the source in a 675
field. Do not, however, divide a
citation for successive issues of a serial; give the complete citation in a 670
field if any volume contains the heading or in a 675 field if no volume
contains the heading.
Justification (additional 670
fields) on the authority record of preceding or succeeding headings is not
required in the following cases:
(1)
changes in government heading because of an
official language change;
(2)
changes involving only a parent body to which
the body being established is subordinate;
(3)
when converting existing information in the 665
field to see also references. Do not
normally add source citations to justify references between headings already
represented in the authority record. Add
sources to justify new references.
c) Tracings. On each name authority record, trace a see
also reference for each heading to be connected, other than the heading for which
the authority record is being prepared.
If appropriate, use subfield $w with the value "a" (earlier
heading) or value "b" (later heading).
d) Geographic names. Changes to geographic names are handled the
same way as changes to corporate names.
Whenever earlier/later headings for a jurisdiction are being created or
an existing heading for a jurisdiction is being changed, the addition or
adjustment of a 667 "Subject usage note" may be required. Notification to CPSO to make this change is
requested and LC and PCC catalogers are advised to consult the Descriptive
Cataloging Manual Z1 supplement to the MARC 21 Format for Authority Data for
further guidelines.
e) Conference names. Use judgement in determining the need for adding earlier/later
heading references for conference name changes, judging whether or not the
addition of the see also reference is useful and/or improves access to the
catalog. If see also references are
created follow the guidelines provided above. (cf. examples in 9 below).
Examples (Note that the complete reference structure may
not be shown in each example)
1) Available
information: Some of the principal
members of the Ballets des Champs Elysées left the
company to form the Ballet de Paris; the former continued to exist, however.
authority
record:
110 2# $a Ballets des Champs Elysées
510 2# $a Ballets de Paris
resulting
reference:
Ballet de Paris
see also
Ballets des Champs Elysées
authority record:
110 2# $a Ballet de Paris
510 2# $a Ballets des Champs Elysées
resulting reference:
Ballets des Champs Elysées
see also
Ballet de Paris
2) The available
information about the relationship is not clear and/or there is not enough
information readily available to determine the chronological relationships.
Simple see also references without the subfield $w are used to connect the
headings. All the headings are connected
by see also references.
authority record:
110 1# $a
510 1# $a
510 1# $a
resulting
references:
see also
see also
authority record:
110 1# $a
510 1# $a
510 1# $a
resulting
references:
see also
see also
authority record:
110 1# $a
510 1# $a
510 1# $a
resulting references:
see also
see also
3) Available
information: The American Material
Handling Society changed its name to International Material Management Society.
authority
record:
110 2# $a American Material
Handling Society
510 2# $w b $a International
Material Management Society
resulting
reference:
International Material Management
Society
see also
the earlier heading
American Material Handling Society
authority record
110 2# $a International Material
Management Society
510 2# $w a $a American Material
Handling Society
resulting
reference
American Material Handling Society
see also
the later heading
International Material Management
Society
4) Available
information: The name of the
International Union of American Republics was changed in 1910 to Union of
American Republics and in 1949 to Organization of American States.
authority
record
110 2# $a International Union of
510 2# $w b $a Union of
resulting
reference
Union of
see also
the earlier heading
International Union of
authority
record
110 2# $a Union of
510 2# $w a $a International Union
of
510 2# $w b $a Organization of
American States
resulting
references
International Union of
see also
the later heading
Union of
Organization of American States
see also
the earlier heading
Union of
authority
record
110 2# $a Organization of American
States
510 2# $w a $a Union of
resulting
reference
Union of
see also
the later heading
Organization of American States
5) Available
information: In 1954 the Screen Writers'
Guild and the Radio Writers Guild merged to form the Writers Guild of America,
West.
authority
record
110 2# $a Screen Writers' Guild
510 2# $w b $a Writers Guild of
resulting
reference
Writers Guild of
see also
the earlier heading
Screen Writers' Guild
authority
record
110 2# $a Radio Writers Guild
510 2# $w b $a Writers Guild of
resulting
reference
Writers Guild of
see also
the earlier heading
Radio Writers Guild
authority
record
110 2# $a Writers Guild of
510 2# $w a $a Screen Writers'
Guild
510 2# $w a $a Radio Writers Guild
resulting
references
Screen Writers' Guild
see also
the later heading
Writers Guild of
Radio Writers Guild
see also
the later heading
Writers Guild of
6) Available
information: The name of the
American-Asian Education Exchange was changed in 1962 to American Afro-Asian
Education Exchange; in 1967 the original name was resumed.
authority
record
110 2# $a American-Asian Education
Exchange
510 2# $a American Afro-Asian
Education Exchange
resulting
reference
American Afro-Asian Education
Exchange
see also
American-Asian Education Exchange
authority
record
110 2# $a American Afro-Asian
Education Exchange
510 2# $a American-Asian Education
Exchange
resulting reference
American-Asian Education Exchange
see also
American Afro-Asian Education
Exchange
(References were made
at the time of the first change of name that had the display constants
"see also the earlier heading/see also the later heading." When the original name was resumed, the $w
was deleted resulting in simple see also references.)
7) Available
information: Drabenderhöhe
changed its name in 1961 to Bielstein; in 1969 Bielstein was absorbed by Wiehl.
authority
record
151 ## $a Drabenderhöhe
(
551 ## $w b $a Bielstein
(
resulting
reference
Bielstein
(
see also
the earlier heading
Drabenderhöhe
(
authority
record
151 ## $a Bielstein
(
551 ## $w a $a Drabenderhöhe
(
551 ## $a Wiehl
(
resulting references
Drabenderhöhe
(
see also
the later heading
Bielstein
(
Wiehl (
see also
Bielstein
(
authority
record
151 ## $a Wiehl
(
551 ## $a Bielstein
(
resulting
reference
Bielstein
(
see also
Wiehl (
8) When under earlier cataloging rules a see reference tracing from one or more earlier names has already been made retain the see reference tracing until the heading is needed for a new publication. When it is needed, establish the heading and convert the see reference tracing to a see also reference tracing (cf. LCRI 26.3). Do not change any existing bibliographic records.
Available information:
The International Federation of General Factory Workers was established
in 1907. In 1950 the name was changed to
International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
and in 1964 to International Federation of Chemical and General Workers'
Unions. Works published before the change
of name in 1964 are found under International Federation of Industrial
Organizations and General Workers Unions.
a) Earliest name not
yet used as a heading
authority
record
110 2# $a International Federation
of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
410 2# $a International Federation
of General Factory Workers
510 2# $w b $a International
Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions
resulting
references
International Federation of
General Factory Workers
see
International Federation of
Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
International Federation of
Chemical and General Workers' Unions
see also
the earlier heading
International Federation of
Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
authority
record
110 2# $a International Federation
of Chemical and General Workers' Unions
510 2# $w a $a International
Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
resulting
reference
International Federation of
Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
see also
the later heading
International Federation of
Chemical and General Workers' Unions
b) Earliest name now
needed as a heading. When the heading
"International Federation of General Factory Workers" is needed for a
newly cataloged item, establish the heading and make a see also reference. Do not change any existing bibliographic
records.
authority
record
110 2# $a International Federation
of General Factory Workers
510 2# $w b $a International
Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
resulting
reference
International Federation of
Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
see also
the earlier heading
International Federation of
General Factory Workers
On the authority record for
"International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers
Unions," change the see reference to a see also reference.
authority
record
110 2# $a International Federation
of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
510 2# $w a $a International
Federation of General Factory Workers
510 2# $w b $a International
Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions
resulting
new reference
International Federation of
General Factory Workers
see also
the later heading
International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
9) When judged
useful, connect authority records for named meetings in the same way as for
other corporate names. Do not add notes
to the bibliographic records for unnamed meetings.
Available information:
The 3rd, 7th, and 9th of the following series of meetings were named;
the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th were unnamed and the proceedings of those meetings
are entered under title.
authority
record
111 2# $a Symposium on the Plasma
Membrane $d (1961 : $c
511 2# $w b $a Symposium on
Macromolecular Metabolism $d (1965 : $c
resulting
reference
Symposium on the Macromolecular
Metabolism (1965 :
see also
the earlier heading
Symposium on the Plasma Membrane (1961 :
authority
record
111 2# $a Symposium on
Macromolecular Metabolism $d (1965 : $c
511 2# $w a $a Symposium on the
Plasma Membrane $d (1961 : $c
511 2# $w b $a Basic Science
Symposium
resulting references
Symposium on the Plasma Membrane (1961 :
see also
the later heading
Symposium on Macromolecular
Metabolism (1965 :
Basic Science Symposium
see also
the earlier heading
Symposium on Macromolecular
Metabolism (1965 :
authority record
111 2# $a Basic Science Symposium
511 2# $w a $a Symposium on
Macromolecular Metabolism $d (1965 : $c
resulting
reference
Symposium on Macromolecular
Metabolism (1965 :
see also
the later heading
Basic Science Symposium
10) Available
information: In 1963 the Arkansas
Resources and Development Commission was replaced by the Arkansas Geological
Commission. The following bodies are
known to be related to these bodies but the nature of the relationship is
uncertain:
authority
record
110 2# $a
510 2# $a
510 2# $a
510 1# $a
510 1# $a
510 2# $a
resulting
references
see also
see also
see also
see also
see also
MARC 21 field 663/664 (Complex See Also and See
References)
1)
"General" references.
Explanatory references of the type illustrated by the examples in 26.3C1
of AACR2 for "Aktiebolaget ...,"
"Conference ...," and "Catholic Church. Sacra ..." are not
used on name authority records created by the Library of Congress or by PCC
contributors. Instead, the specific reference is supplied in all authority
records.
2) Private
communications of heads of state, etc.
Create reciprocal see also references to connect headings for heads of
state, ecclesiastical officials, etc., to the corresponding official heading
instead of the explanatory reference called for in 21.4D2 and illustrated in
26.3C1.
authority record
100 0# $a Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, $c Shah of
510 1# $a
(Subfield $w not needed)
And
110 1# $a
500 0# $a Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, $c Shah of
(Subfield $w not needed)
resulting references
see also
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of
see also
Before 2005, reciprocal references were not
routinely provided from the personal name to the corporate name authority
record. Add such references when
maintenance work is required to the authority record for another reason.
Note: Catalogers are reminded that LC Descriptive Cataloging
Manual (DCM) Z1 provides information for the appropriate coding of the MARC 21
fixed field (008) positions 11 and 15 as well as instructions for the addition
of a "Subject usage" 667 note field when creating the corporate name
authority record.
Library of Congress Rule Interpretations
Copyright (c)2004 by the Library of
Congress except within the