H 1917.5 Music
Form/Genre Headings: Medium of Performance
CONTENTS
BACKGROUND
1. Names of instruments,
families, and ensembles
a. Form of name
(1) General guidelines
(2) Headings that include the instrument’s key
(3) Headings that include the instrument’s
range
(4) Non-musical objects as musical instruments
b. Singular/plural
(1) Instruments
(2) Ensembles and families of instruments
c. Doubling
2. Solo instruments in
headings: Order of solo instruments
3. Solo instruments in
headings: Combinations of two different instruments or of one unspecified and
one specified instrument
a. Standard order
b. One unspecified
instrument
c. Chordal instruments;
accompanying instrument
4. Solo instruments in
headings:Two or more of the same solo instrument or of the number of players of
the instrument
a. Two or more of the
same instrument in a mixed group
b. Music of individual
instruments
(1) Wind, plucked, and bowed stringed
instruments
(a) Number of
instruments
(b) Number of
hands
(2) Keyboard instruments
(a) Number of
hands
(b) Number of
instruments
i.
Two keyboard instruments
ii.
Three or more keyboard instruments
iii.
One performer playing more than one instrument
(3) Two or more unspecified instruments
(4) Percussion instruments
(a) Number of
hands
(b) Number of
players
(5) Electronic music; Computer music
5. Instrumental
ensembles
a. Types of instrumental
ensemble
(1) Large ensembles (more than one player to a
part)
(a) Large
ensembles of different instruments
(b) Large
ensembles of the same instrument
(2) Ensembles with one player to a part
(a) Ensembles of
different instruments
(b) Ensembles of
the same instrument
b. Number of instruments
represented by the word “ensemble”
(1) Collections
(2) Individual works
(3) Certain other ensembles
(4) Solo instruments as accompanying ensemble
(5) Percussion ensemble(s)
(6) Jazz ensembles
c. Authority records
(1) Large ensembles (more than one player to a
part)
(2) Ensembles with one player to a part
d. Orchestra assumed as
the medium of performance
e. The headings
Concertos (Orchestra [Band, etc.])
6. Connecting words:
“and” and “with”
a. The connecting word “and”
b. The connecting word
“with”
c. “And” and “with” in
the same heading
7. Arranged works: the
qualifier “, Arranged”
a. Free-floating usage
b. Authority record
required
c. Special provision for
excerpts
8. Solo vocal works
a. Voice stated or
implied in the heading
(1) One solo voice
(2) Two or more solo voices
b. Voice not stated or
implied in the main heading
(1) One solo voice
(2) Two or more solo voices
(3) Unaccompanied works
9. Chorus
a. Chorus stated or
implied in the heading
(1) Type of chorus
(a) No qualifier for type of chorus
(b) Free-floating qualifiers for type of chorus
(c) Headings established with qualifier for
type of chorus
(2) Number of choral parts
b. Chorus not stated or
implied in the main heading
10. Accompaniment for
vocal music
a. Accompaniment not
given in the heading
b. One instrument or two
keyboard instruments
c. Other instrumental
accompaniment
11. Unaccompanied music:
the qualifier “, Unaccompanied”
a. Vocal music
(1) Free-floating usage
(2) Authority record required
(3) Examples
b. Instrumental music
BACKGROUND: This
instruction sheet provides guidance on headings for musical compositions,
specifically, those music form/genre headings that include medium of
performance. Its primary focus is on when authority records are required and
how to formulate headings that include medium of performance when the headings
are built from various elements according to patterns. It also touches on music
form/genre headings that do not include medium of performance. For guidance on
subdivisions for musical compositions, see H 1160.
A large number of music
form/genre headings that include medium of performance have been established in
the subject authority file. With some exceptions (see H 250 and below),
authority records for these types of headings are no longer made because: 1)
cross references are no longer required; 2) the order of musical instruments
given in the headings has been a pattern for some time; and 3) the patterns the
headings follow are amply illustrated in the authority file.
1. Name of instruments,
families, and ensembles.
a. Form of name.
(1) General guidelines.
For general guidance on the creation of subject authority records for musical
works, see H 250. For additional guidance on establishing names of musical
instruments, see H 1918. When specifying an instrument in a heading, use the
form of name for the instrument established in the subject authority file. If
the name of the instrument has not been established, make two proposals, one
for the name of the instrument and the other for its music, which will
authorize the instrument to be used in bibliographic records as a medium of
performance. Include a see also reference in the proposal for the music, where
the authorized plural, if there is one, is shown, and a scope note. Example:
150 ## $a Flute
150 ## $a Flute music
360 ## $i headings for
forms and types of music that include "flute" or "flutes"
and headings with medium of performance that include "flute" or
"flutes"
680 ## $i Here are
entered compositions not in a specific form or of a specific type for solo
flute, and collections of compositions in several forms or types for solo
flute.
(2) Headings that
include the instrument's key. When establishing headings, omit the key of the
instrument even if it is typically included in the instrument's name. Examples:
150 ## $a Clarinet
[Includes the A, B flat and E flat clarinets]
150 ## $a Trumpet
[Includes the B flat, C, D, E flat, F, and A trumpets]
(3) Headings that
include the instrument's range. Headings for instruments may be established
that incorporate the instrument's range. Retain the term for the range when the
instrument is used as a medium of performance in form/genre headings for
musical works only in headings for instrumental works, and only when the works
are for one or two solo players, alone or accompanied by an ensemble. In other
form/genre headings use the generic term for the instrument. Examples:
150 ## $a Alto flute
music
150 ## $a Alto flute and
viola music
150 ## $a Sonatas (Alto
flutes (2))
150 ## $a Alto trombone
music
150 ## $a Alto trombone
with string orchestra.
150 ## $a Bass clarinet
music
650 ## $a Concertos
(Bass clarinet and double bass with jazz ensemble)
but:
Title: Life a mad animal
: for double bass, piano, violin, viola, alto flute, clarinet
150 ## $a Flute music
650 ## $a Sextets
(Piano, clarinet, flute, violin, viola, double bass)
Include a scope note in
the authority record for music of an instrument whose name incorporates the
instrument's range, to state when the specific name of the instrument is used,
and when the generic name is used, in form/genre headings that include the
medium of performance. Example:
150 ## $a Bass clarinet
music
680 ## $i The term
"bass clarinet" is used as a medium of performance in headings for
works for one or two solo instruments, alone or accompanied by an ensemble. In
headings for other works that include bass clarinet, the generic term "clarinet"
is used as the medium of performance.
(4) Non-musical objects
as musical instruments. When establishing a heading for music written for
non-musical objects, also establish a heading for each object as a musical
instrument and designate the two headings as related terms. Example:
150 ## $a Leaf music
550 ## $a Leaves as
musical instruments
150 ## $a Leaves as
musical instruments
550 ## $w g $a Musical
instruments
550 ## $a Leaf music
b. Singular/plural.
(1) Instruments. Names
of instruments established in the plural (because more than one is usually
played at a time by a single performer) may be singular or plural in headings
for music of that instrument, where natural language should govern the choice.
Examples:
Name of the instrument
Music of the instrument
Castanets
Clock chimes
Panpipes
Timpani Castanet music
Clock chime music
Panpipes music
Timpani music
(2) Ensembles and
families of instruments. When establishing a heading for music of an
instrumental ensemble or a family of instruments whose name has been
established in the plural, use the name of the ensemble or family in the
singular in the heading for music of the ensemble or family. Examples:
Name of the ensemble or
family Music of the ensemble or family
Bands (Music)
Stringed instruments
Band music
Stringed instrument
music
c. Doubling. If a solo
performer doubles on two or more instruments of the same type, use the generic
name for the instrument in headings that specify medium of performance. Example:
Title: Sonata a cinque :
for clarinet in A (doubling on bass clarinet and clarinet in E-flat), violin,
cello, bass trombone and piano
650 ## $a Quintets
(Piano, clarinet, trombone, violin, violoncello)
2. Solo instruments in
headings: Order of solo instruments. Assign the names of solo instruments in
the following order: (1) keyboard instruments, (2) wind instruments, (3)
plucked instruments, (4) percussion, electronic, and other instruments, (5)
bowed stringed instruments, (6) unspecified instruments, and (7) continuo.
Within each numbered category, give the instruments in alphabetical order with
the exception of bowed stringed instruments: give these in score order, high to
low, basing the order on the range of each instrument as described in standard
music reference sources.
Do not include more than
9 instruments or 9 soloists in a heading, counting all categories. If the solo
group is larger than 9, use an appropriate heading that incorporates the term
"ensemble" (cf. sec. 5).
Examples:
650 #0 $a Clarinet,
flute, violin, violoncello with chamber orchestra.
650 #0 $a Flute and
violin music.
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Piano, saxophone, double bass with instrumental ensemble)
650 #0 $a Nonets
(Bassoon, clarinet, flute, horn, oboe, violin, viola, violoncello, double bass)
650 #0 $a Octets (Piano,
clarinet, flute, guitar, mandolin, accordion, percussion, double bass)
650 #0 $a Piano, horn,
glockenspiel, xylophone with orchestra
650 #0 $a Pianos (2),
celesta, percussion, synthesizer with chamber orchestra
650 #0 $a Quartets
(Flute, violin, viola, continuo)
650 #0 $a Sonatas (Flute
and violin)
650 #0 $a Suites (Flute,
harp, vibraphone, violoncello)
650 #0 $a Quartets
(Pianos (3), computer)
650 #0 $a Quartets
(Clarinet, flute, computer, double bass)
650 #0 $a Septets
(Electronics, percussion)
650 #0 $a String
quintets (Violin, viola d'amore, viola, violoncello, violone)
650 #0 $a Trios (Piano
(4 hands), reed organ)
650 #0 $a Variations
(Organ and piano)
For the order of solo
instruments when there are two, one of which is chordal, see sec. 3 and sec. 6.
For guidelines on
headings for two or more solo instruments combined with a term for an
accompanying ensemble, see sec. 5.
3. Solo instruments in
headings: Combinations of two different instruments or of one unspecified and
one specified instrument.
a. Standard order.
Follow the general guidelines in sec. 2. Create an authority record for the
combination; provide a reference with the instruments in reverse order.
Examples:
150 ## $a Bassoon and
flute music
450 ## $a Flute and
bassoon music
150 ## $a Sitar and
tabla music
450 ## $a Tabla and
sitar music
b. One unspecified
instrument. In headings for works where one of the instruments is unspecified,
establish the heading beginning with the term Duets. Provide references with
both of the other possible ways of expressing the combination.
Example:
150 ## $a Duets
(Unspecified instrument and piano)
450 ## $a Duets (Piano
and unspecified instrument)
450 ## $a Piano and
unspecified instrument music
c. Chordal instruments;
accompanying instrument. If one of the instruments is chordal (keyboard or
plucked instruments, on which chords are easily played), or if one serves as an
accompaniment to the other, give the chordal or accompanying instrument in the
second position. Examples:
1 chordal instrument as
accompaniment:
150 ## $a Trombone and
piano music
450 ## $a Piano and
trombone music
2 chordal instruments,
the second as accompaniment:
150 ## $a Mandolin and
piano music
450 ## $a Piano and
mandolin music
4. Solo instruments in
headings: Two or more of the same solo instrument or of the number of players
of the instrument.
a. Two or more of the
same instrument in a mixed group. When there are two or more different parts
for the same instrument, or for unspecified instruments, in a group where other
solo instruments are also required, specify the number of instruments with an
arabic numeral in parentheses following the instrument's name. Use the plural
form of the name. No authority record is necessary to establish the number.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Euphonium, horns (4) with band)
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Flutes (3), harp)
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Harpsichord, guitars (2), harp, double bass)
650 #0 $a Horns (3),
violin with chamber orchestra.
650 #0 $a String nonets
(Violins (4), violas (2), violoncellos (2), double bass)
b. Music of individual
instruments. Headings representing music of an individual instrument (Clarinet
music, Harp music, etc.), or an unspecified instrument, may be modified as
shown below. Authority records are required for the modified headings. These
authority records authorize use of the modifications in all pattern headings
described in this instruction sheet for works that feature the instruments,
either as soloists alone or as soloists serving as accompaniment.
Do not confuse the
provisions in this section with sec. a. above, which provides for headings in
which there are two or more parts for the instrument and the instrument is in a
mixed group statement of the medium of performance.
(1) Wind, plucked, and
bowed stringed instruments.
(a) Number of
instruments. The heading for music for the instrument may be modified for music
for two of the same instrument. Examples:
150 ## $a Flute music
(Flutes (2))
150 ## $a Violoncello
music (Violoncellos (2))
(b) Number of hands. If
a work calls for the instrument to be played with a number of hands other than
two, an authority record for music of the instrument with the exceptional
number of hands is required. Indicate the number of hands in parentheses after
the name of the instrument. Examples:
150 ## $a Lute music (4
hands)
650 ## $a Songs (High
voice) with lute (4 hands)
150 ## $a Viola music (3
hands)
650 ## $a Sonatas
(Viola, 3 hands)
(2) Keyboard
instruments.
(a) Number of
hands. If a work calls for the
instrument to be played with a number of hands other than two, an authority
record for music of the instrument indicating the exceptional number of hands
is required. Give the number of hands in parentheses after the name of the
instrument, or, if there is more than one instrument, following the number of
instruments.
Examples:
150 ## $a Piano music (1
hand)
450 ## $a Left-hand
piano music
450 ## $a Right-hand
piano music
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Piano, 1 hand)
650 #0 $a Quintets
(Piano (1 hand), clarinet, violin, viola, violoncello)
150 ## $a Piano music
(Pianos (2), 6 hands)
150 ## $a Organ music (4
hands)
650 #0 $a Canons,
fugues, etc. (Organ, 4 hands), Arranged
650 #0 $a Septets (Organ
(4 hands), horn, trombone, trumpets (2), tuba)
Do not enclose the
number of hands in parentheses if the keyboard instrument is part of the
accompaniment in vocal music headings (cf. sec. 10).
Example:
150 ## $a Piano music (4
hands)
650 #0 $a Songs (High
voice) with piano, 4 hands.
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Mixed voices) with piano, 4 hands.
(b) Number of
instruments.
i. Two keyboard
instruments. If a work features two of
the same solo keyboard instruments, make an authority record for music of the
instrument, modified to show the number. Examples:
150 ## $a Electronic
organ music (Electronic organs (2))
650 #0 $a Chorale
preludes (Electronic organs (2))
150 ## $a Harpsichord
music (Harpsichords (2))
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Harpsichords (2) with string orchestra)
150 ## $a Organ music
(Organs (2))
650 #0 $a Organs (2)
with orchestra.
650 #0 $a Pianos (2)
650 #0 $a Quartets
(Pianos (2), percussion)
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Children's voices) with pianos (2)
ii. Three or more
keyboard instruments. Three or more keyboard instruments constitute an
ensemble. If the instruments are the same, the ensemble bears that instrument's
name. Example:
150 ## $a Piano
ensembles
650 #0 $a Piano
ensembles, Arranged.
650 #0 $a Suites (Piano
ensemble)
Works for keyboard
instruments that differ, or that are not specified, are assigned the heading
Keyboard instrument ensembles. This heading, and those for ensembles of
specific keyboard instruments, authorize the construction of pattern headings
for works that feature three or more of the instrument or whose accompaniment
is for three or more of the instrument. See also sec. 5.b.(4).
iii. One performer
playing more than one instrument. If a work calls for one performer to play more
than one of the same keyboard instrument, an authority record incorporating
both the number of instruments and the number of performers is required.
Indicate the performer as the last element in the heading. Example:
150 ## $a Piano music
(Pianos (2), 1 performer)
(3) Two or more
unspecified instruments. For two unspecified instruments the headings Duets
(Unspecified instruments (2)) through Nonets (Unspecified instruments (9)) have
been established. The number of unspecified instruments in these and related
headings is indicated even when they begin with the number of players (Trios,
Quartets, etc.). Examples:
650 #0 $a Canons,
fugues, etc. (Unspecified instruments (5))
650 #0 $a Trio sonatas
(Unspecified instruments (2), continuo)
(4) Percussion
instruments.
(a) Number of hands.
When two or more players perform on a mallet instrument or on the celesta,
instruments normally played with two hands, specify the number of hands if
other than two. Make an authority record for the music for each exceptional
number of hands.
Example:
150 ## $a Vibraphone
music (4 hands)
650 #0 $a Trios (Flute,
vibraphone (4 hands))
(b) Number of players.
Do not specify the number of percussion players. One player often plays more
than one instrument, so a number representing the players can be confused with
the number of instruments. This proscription leads to some ambiguity, as the
term "percussion" is used in two ways in headings: 1)
"percussion" stands for a solo percussionist in duet combinations
where the percussionist plays two or more different instruments: Examples:
150 ## $a Percussion
music
650 #0 $a Electronic and
percussion music.
650 #0 $a Songs (Low
voice) with percussion.
and 2) in headings for
three or more solo instruments from various families, "percussion"
stands for one or more solo percussionists playing two or more different
instruments. However, the number of percussion players can sometimes be
inferred from the heading. See also sec. 5.b(6).
Examples:
Title: A cycle for voice and percussion /
John Cage.
[1 percussionist plays
four instruments]
650 #0 $a Songs with percussion.
Title: Images : para percusión / Siegfried
Fink
[Flute or soprano and 4
percussionists]
650 #0 $a Quintets (Flute, percussion)
650 #0 $a Songs (High
voice) with percussion ensemble.
Title: Sonata for two pianos and percussion
/ Béla Bartók.
[2 percussionists play
11 instruments]
650 #0 $a Quartets
(Pianos (2), percussion)
650 #0 $a Sonatas
(Pianos (2), percussion)
Title: Music of amber / Joseph Schwantner.
[1 percussionist plays
13 instruments]
650 #0 $a Sextets
(Piano, clarinet, flute, percussion, violin, violoncello)
(5) Electronic music;
Computer music. Do not modify these headings or the term
"electronics" in a heading to indicate the number of instruments.
5. Instrumental
ensembles.
a. Types of instrumental
ensemble. There are two principal types of instrumental groups: large ensembles
with more than one player to a part, and smaller ensembles with one player to a
part. Both types have the same two subtypes: ensembles of different instruments
and ensembles of the same instrument. Subject heading practice for each type
and subtype is described below. Terms for the names of specific types of
ensemble may be used alone in headings or as an element that indicates medium
of performance. Authority records are required for the type of ensemble and for
music of the ensemble. For further guidance, see sec. 5.c below.
(1) Large ensembles
(more than one player to a part), such as orchestra, string orchestra, band,
clarinet choir. The word "ensembles" is not part of headings in this
category.
(a) Large ensembles of
different instruments. Examples:
Ensemble type as heading
Ensemble type as medium of performance
Orchestra
String orchestra
Band (Music) Violin with
orchestra
Suites (Orchestra)
Songs (High voice) with
orchestra
Concertos (String
orchestra)
Choruses, Sacred (Mixed
voices) with band
Suites (Piano with band)
(b) Large ensembles of
the same instrument. Example:
Ensemble type as heading
Ensemble type as medium of performance
Clarinet choir
Variations (Piano with clarinet choir)
Piano with clarinet
choir
(2) Ensembles with one
player to a part.
(a) Ensembles of
different instruments. Examples:
Ensemble type as heading
Ensemble type as medium of performance
Instrumental ensembles
Brass ensembles
Wind ensembles
String ensembles
Harp with instrumental ensemble
Variations (Instrumental
ensemble)
Choruses, Sacred (Mixed
voices) with
instrumental ensemble
Symphonies (Brass
ensemble)
Brass ensemble with
orchestra
Choruses, Secular (Mixed
voices)
with brass ensemble
Clarinet with wind
ensemble
Concertos (Tuba with
wind ensemble)
Variations (Clarinet
with string ensemble)
Songs (Medium voice)
with string ensemble
(b) Ensembles of the
same instrument. Examples:
Ensemble type as heading
Ensemble type as medium of performance
Clarinet ensembles
Recorder ensembles
Violin ensembles
Clarinet with clarinet ensemble
Suites (Recorder
ensemble)
Canons, fugues, etc.
(Violin ensemble)
b. Number of instruments
represented by the word "ensemble."
(1) Collections. For
collections, the word "ensemble(s)" in headings for the type of
ensemble may represent works that differ in their specific instrumentation or
number of players.
(2) Individual works.
For individual works, the word "ensemble(s)" stands for 10 or more
instruments in headings for the type of ensemble, except as indicated in sec.
(3)-(6). Examples:
650 #0 $a Brass ensemble
with orchestra.
650 #0 $a String
ensembles.
650 #0 $a Symphonies
(Brass ensemble)
650 #0 $a Variations
(Instrumental ensemble)
(3) Certain other
ensembles. The following headings for types of ensemble stand for three or more
instruments of that type. Check scope notes in subject authority records to
ascertain whether ensemble headings for other instruments have been added to
this small group.
150 ## $a Accordion
ensembles
150 ## $a Carillon
ensembles
150 ## $a Concertina
ensembles
150 ## $a Harmonica
ensembles
150 ## $a Harpsichord
ensembles
150 ## $a Keyboard
instrument ensembles
150 ## $a Piano
ensembles
(4) Solo instruments as
accompanying ensemble. With one exception, two or more instruments that serve
as accompaniment are described in headings as a type of ensemble, even though
some of the combinations would be described by a different term otherwise.
Indication of accompaniment follows the connecting word with (cf. sec. 6). See
also sec. 10. Examples:
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Sacred (Mixed voices) with keyboard ensemble.
[not, e.g., 650 #0 $a
Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices) with organ and piano.]
650 #0 $a Songs (High
voice) with string ensemble.
[not, e.g., 650 #0 $a
Songs (High voice) with string quartet.]
650 #0 $a Songs (Medium
voice) with instrumental ensemble.
[not, e.g., 650 #0 $a
Songs (Medium voice) with piano trio.]
Exception: When the
accompaniment is for two of the same keyboard instrument, the instrument is
specified. Example:
650 #0 $a Vocal trios
with pianos (2)
(5) Percussion
ensemble(s). Percussion ensemble(s) stands for two or more performers, each
playing one or more instruments, in works solely for percussion or where the
accompaniment is solely for percussion. Examples:
650 #0 $a Percussion
ensembles.
650 #0 $a Vibraphone
with percussion ensemble.
(6) Jazz ensembles. The
term "jazz ensembles" is not used as a main heading (cf. the see also
reference in the authority record Jazz). However, it may be used as a medium of
performance to designate a group of two or more solo instruments with other
accompaniment, or to designate the accompanying group itself. Examples:
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Jazz ensemble with band)
650 #0 $a Guitar and
piano with jazz ensemble.
c. Authority records.
(1) Large ensembles,
with more than one player to a part. An authority record is required for the
music for the type of ensemble. Include a scope note in the proposal and a see
also reference, which authorizes the term for the ensemble to be used in
bibliographic records as a medium of performance. Examples:
150 ## $a String
orchestra music
680 ## $i Here are
entered compositions not in a specific form or of a specific type for string
orchestra, and collections of compositions in several forms or types for string
orchestra.
360 ## $i headings for
forms and types of music that include "string orchestra" and headings
with medium of performance that include "string orchestra"
150 ## $a Band music
680 ## $i Here are
entered compositions not in a specific form or of a specific type for band, and
collections of compositions in several forms or types for band.
360 ## $i headings for
forms and types of music that include "band" and headings with medium
of performance that include "band"
150 ## $a Trombone choir
music
680 ## $i Here are
entered compositions not in a specific form or of a specific type for trombone
choir, and collections of compositions in several forms or types for trombone
choir.
360 ## $i headings for
forms and types of music that include "trombone choir" and headings
with medium of performance that include "trombone choir"
(2) Ensembles with one
player to a part. An authority record is required for the name of the ensemble.
Include a scope note and a general see also reference, which authorizes the
term for the ensemble to be used in bibliographic records as a medium of
performance. Examples:
150 ## $a Instrumental
ensembles
680 ## $i Here are
entered compositions not in a specific form or of a specific type for ten or
more different solo instruments, and collections of compositions for various
numbers of solo instruments belonging to different families.
360 ## $i headings for
forms and types of music that include "instrumental ensemble" and
headings with medium of performance that include "instrumental
ensemble"
150 ## $a Brass
ensembles
680 ## $i Here are
entered compositions not in a specific form or of a specific type for ten or
more different solo brass instruments, and collections of compositions in
several forms or types for various numbers of solo brass instruments.
360 ## $i headings for
forms and types of music that include "brass ensemble" and headings
with medium of performance that include "brass ensemble"
150 ## $a Clarinet
ensembles
680 ## $i Here are
entered compositions not in a specific form or of a specific type for ten or
more solo clarinets and collections of compositions in several forms or types
for various numbers of solo clarinets.
360 ## $i headings for
forms and types of music that include "clarinet ensemble" and
headings with medium of performance that include "clarinet ensemble"
d. Orchestra assumed as
the medium of performance. Full orchestra is typically the medium of
performance of certain musical forms, including overtures, symphonic poems, and
symphonies, and of the accompanying ensemble in concertos. Therefore, the large
ensemble "orchestra" is assumed in headings for these forms, and is
not added as a medium of performance. Similarly, the parenthetical qualifier in
headings for concertos accompanied by full orchestra contains only the solo
instrument(s). When assigning headings in this category to works where the
assumed orchestral medium of performance is other than full orchestra, include
the medium in the heading. Check scope notes in authority records to ascertain
which headings should not have the medium of performance "orchestra"
added when the heading is used for a work requiring full orchestra.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Clarinet) [Accompaniment of orchestra is assumed]
650 #0 $a Symphonic
poems. [Performance by orchestra is assumed]
650 #0 $a Symphonies.
[Performance by orchestra is assumed]
but:
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Clarinet with band)
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Percussion with instrumental ensemble)
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Violins (2) with string orchestra)
650 #0 $a Overtures
(Dance orchestra)
650 #0 $a Symphonic
poems (Organ)
650 #0 $a Symphonies
(Electronics)
e. The headings
Concertos (Orchestra [Band, etc.]).
Headings of this type are assigned when the composer has indicated in
the title or subtitle that the work is a concerto for the entire large
ensemble. Concerto headings are not assigned to chamber music, where there is
only one player to a part, even if the composer has used the term
"concerto." Examples:
Title: Concerto for
orchestra
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Orchestra)
but:
Title: Concerto : per
clavicembalo (o pianoforte), flauto, oboe, clarinetto, violino e violoncello
650 #0 $a Sextets
(Harpsichord, clarinet, flute, oboe, violin, violoncello)
6. Connecting words:
"and" and "with."
a. The connecting word
"and." The connector and is used to connect two solo instruments.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Violin and
piano music.
650 #0 $a Suites (Violin
and piano)
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Violin and viola)
It is also used to
connect sung vocal parts and a solo instrument when they appear together in a
parenthetical qualifier for medium of performance formulated according to the
provisions of sec. 8.b and 9.b.
Example:
650 #0 $a Canons,
fugues, etc. (Chorus and trumpet with string orchestra)
The connector and is not
used either when there are three or more elements in the heading that precede
the connecting word with, or when the total number of soloists is more than
two. Instead, commas separate those elements.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Clarinet,
flute, violin, violoncello with instrumental ensemble
650 #0 $a Monologues
with music (Voices (2), oboe, trumpet with orchestra)
650 #0 $a Wind trios
(Oboes (2), trumpet)
b. The connecting word
"with." Solo instruments used as accompaniment, and instrumental
ensemble accompaniment, are given following the connector with. List solo
instruments as instructed in sec. 2; indicate the accompaniment as instructed
in sec. 4.b(2)(a), sec. 4.b(2)(b)(iii), sec. 5.b(5), sec. 5.d., and sec. 10.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Concertos
(Piano with string orchestra)
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Mixed voices) with orchestra.
650 #0 $a Electronics
and piano with percussion ensemble.
650 #0 $a Piano with
band.
650 #0 $a Songs (High
voice) with piano.
c. "And" and
"with" in the same heading. Both connecting words may appear in the
same heading. When two different solo instruments are indicated, their order
must be established according to the provisions of sec. 3. When the terms "voice(s)"
or "chorus" appear as a medium of performance in a parenthetical
qualifier, follow the provisions of sec. 8.b. or 9.b. Examples:
150 ## $a Saxophone and
guitar music
650 #0 $a Saxophone and
guitar with jazz ensemble.
650 #0 $a Symphonies
(Chorus and viola with chamber orchestra)
7. Arranged works: the
qualifier ", Arranged."
a. Free-floating usage.
The qualifier , Arranged is free-floating with form/genre headings for arranged
instrumental music to indicate that the medium of performance specified represents
an arrangement and not the original instrumentation (see also H 1160).
Examples:
650 #0 $a Piano music,
Arranged.
650 #0 $a Violin and
piano music, Arranged.
650 #0 $a Variations
(Violin and piano), Arranged.
650 #0 $a Quartets
(Flute, violin, viola, violoncello), Arranged.
b. Authority record
required. This qualifier may be added to headings for larger vocal forms and to
instrumental forms that do not indicate medium of performance (cf. sec. 10).
However, this usage is not free-floating; each such term must be established.
Examples:
150 ## $a Operas,
Arranged
150 ## $a Oratorios,
Arranged
150 ## $a Motion picture
music, Arranged
150 ## $a Incidental
music, Arranged
Do not add this
qualifier to form/genre headings for the following vocal forms:
· Forms whose headings are usually qualified
by type of chorus. (Cf. sec. 9) Examples:
150 ## $a Cantatas
150 ## $a Masses
150 ## $a Choruses
150 ## $a Requiems
· Works for solo singers or for one singer to
a part. Examples:
150 ## $a Sacred vocal
duets [trios, etc.]
150 ## $a Songs
150 ## $a Sacred songs
150 ## $a Vocal duets
[trios, etc.]
150 ## $a Solo cantatas
150 ## $a Vocalises
c. Special provision for
excepts. When a heading with the qualifier , Arranged could be modified by the
free-floating subdivision –Excerpts (cf. H 1160), use instead the free-floating
subdivision –Excerpts, Arranged.
8. Solo vocal works.
Performance by solo voice(s) may be stated or implied in the main heading, or
"voice" may be added to a heading as a medium of performance.
a. Voice stated or
implied in the heading. This category includes headings such as Songs, Sacred
cantatas, Vocal trios, etc.
(1) One solo voice. For
works requiring one solo voice, a qualifier indicating vocal range is added as
the first element in parentheses following the main heading. The terms for
vocal range and the types of voices to which they apply are:
High voice: soprano,
tenor, countertenor
Medium voice:
mezzo-soprano, baritone
Low voice: alto,
contralto, bass
When assigning a
heading, select a qualifier on the basis of a written description on the item
being cataloged. Ignore terms that modify the basic voice types indicated
above. If there is no description of vocal range, select the qualifier by
comparing the score to the specific ranges shown for each voice type in the New
Harvard Dictionary of Music. If the vocal range in a work exceeds those shown
there, choose the qualifier that most closely matches it.
The following headings
have been established with each of the qualifiers for vocal range added:
150 ## $a Sacred songs
150 ## $a Solo cantatas
150 ## $a Solo cantatas,
Sacred
150 ## $a Solo cantatas,
Secular
150 ## $a Songs
150 ## $a Vocalises
Examples:
650 #0 $a Sacred songs
(Low voice)
650 #0 $a Solo cantatas,
Sacred (Medium voice)
650 #0 $a Vocalises
(High voice)
(2) Two or more solo
voices. Headings for two through nine solo voices have been established as
follows: Vocal duets through Vocal nonets; Sacred vocal duets through Sacred vocal
nonets. No indication of the range of the solo voices is given in headings
using these terms. Examples:
150 ## $a Vocal duets
with continuo
150 ## $a Sacred vocal
quartets, Unaccompanied
The heading Vocalises
may be qualified by a number for two or more solo voices. The number may be
added on a free-floating basis. No authority records are necessary to establish
the number of voices and no voice range may be indicated. Examples:
650 #0 $a Vocalises
(Voices (3)), Unaccompanied.
650 #0 $a Vocalises (Voices
(4)) with pianos (2)
b. Voice not stated or
implied in the main heading. One or more solo voices may be present in a work
to which a main heading is assigned that does not state or imply any particular
medium of performance. A parenthetical qualifier for medium of performance is
added to such headings, with the term "voice" as the first element.
The full order of elements in the qualifier is sung part(s), solo instrument,
accompaniment; neither the vocal range nor the nature of the text is indicated.
Where appropriate, a second heading may be added that contains those elements.
(1) One solo voice.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Recorded
accompaniments (Voice)
650 #0 $a Sacred
monologues with music (Voice with orchestra) ["voice" refers to the
sung vocal part, i.e., it is part of the medium of performance of the
"music" element of the heading]
650 #0 $a Sacred songs
(Low voice) with orchestra. [second heading]
(2) Two or more solo
voices. Two or more solo voices are indicated by an arabic numeral in parentheses
following the term "voices." Up to 9 solo voices may be given. No
authority records are required. (Cf. sec. 4.a.) Examples:
650 #0 $a Marches
(Voices (3) with band)
650 #0 $a Sacred trios
with band [second heading]
650 #0 $a Variations
(Voices (5) with instrumental ensemble)
650 #0 $a Vocal quintets
with instrumental ensemble. [second heading]
(3) Unaccompanied works.
Do not add ", Unaccompanied" to parenthetical qualifiers when
"voice" is the sole medium of performance in headings of this type.
Example:
650 #0 $a Canons,
fugues, etc. (Voices (3))
650 #0 $a Vocal trios,
Unaccompanied. [second heading]
9. Chorus. Performance
by a chorus may be stated or implied in the main heading, or "chorus"
may be added to a heading as a medium of performance. Though solo singers may
also be required, they are not indicated in the heading.
a. Chorus stated or
implied in the heading.
(1) Type of chorus. In
headings that state or imply performance by chorus, the type of voices is
generally added as appropriate in a parenthetical qualifier immediately
following the main heading. The terms for type of chorus are:
Changing voices
Children's voices
Equal voices
Men's voices
Mixed voices
Unison
Women's voices
(a) No qualifier for
type of chorus. The presence of mixed voices is assumed for the headings
Cantatas, Sacred; Cantatas, Secular; Masses; Requiems. Therefore, no qualifier
for mixed voices is added.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Cantatas.
[Mixed voices is assumed]
650 #0 $a Cantatas,
Sacred. [Mixed voices is assumed]
650 #0 $a Cantatas,
Secular. [Mixed voices is assumed]
650 #0 $a Masses. [Mixed
voices is assumed]
650 #0 $a Requiems.
[Mixed voices is assumed]
For the use of
qualifiers for other types of chorus with these headings, see sec. (c) below.
(b) Free-floating
qualifiers for type of chorus. Qualifiers for type of voices in a chorus are
free-floating after the following headings:
150 ## $a Choruses
150 ## $a Choruses,
Sacred
150 ## $a Choruses,
Secular
Examples:
650 #0 $a Choruses
(Women's voices)
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Sacred (Mixed voices)
(c) Headings established
with qualifier for type of chorus. The following headings have been established
with qualifiers for type of chorus:
150 ## $a Cantatas
150 ## $a Cantatas, Sacred
150 ## $a Cantatas,
Secular
150 ## $a Masses
150 ## $a Requiems
Examples:
150 ## $a Cantatas,
Secular (Men's voices)
150 ## $a Masses (Equal
voices)
150 ## $a Requiems
(Unison)
(2) Number of choral
parts. When included in the heading, the number of choral parts follows the
qualifier for type of chorus, separated by a comma in the same parentheses. The
number of choral parts, if 8 or fewer, is specified only with the headings
Choruses; Choruses, Sacred; and Choruses, Secular, and only if the accompaniment
is:
· not present in the heading
· for continuo
· for a solo instrument
· for two of the same keyboard instruments
or if the qualifier ,
Unaccompanied is appropriate. Do not count divisi parts separately unless they
occur throughout most or all of the vocal line.
Note: Choral parts are
sometimes referred to as "voices." This designation stands for the
number of vocal lines, and not the number of singers.
Do not confuse the term
"choral parts," used here synonymously with "vocal lines,"
with the terms "part" or "parts" as they are used in
descriptive cataloging for the number of physical items.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Sacred (Equal voices, 3 parts)
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Sacred (Mixed voices, 6 parts) with continuo.
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Sacred (Mixed voices, 4 parts) with piano.
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Children's voices, 3 parts), Unaccompanied.
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Men's voices, 4 parts) with piano and reed organ.
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Women's voices, 3 parts) with harp.
b. Chorus not stated or
implied in the main heading. A chorus may be present in a work to which a main
heading is assigned that does not state or imply any particular medium of
performance. Add a parenthetical qualifier for medium of performance with the
term "chorus" as the first element. The full order of elements in the
qualifier is sung part(s), solo instrument, accompaniment. Do not use the
qualifier ", Unaccompanied" when chorus is the only medium of
performance, and do not indicate either the type of chorus or the nature of the
text. Where appropriate, a second heading may be added that contains those
elements. Examples:
650 #0 $a Canons,
fugues, etc. (Chorus)
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Sacred (Mixed voices, 5 parts), Unaccompanied. [second heading]
650 #0 $a Monologues
with music (Chorus with band)
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Mixed voices) with band. [second heading]
650 #0 $a Variations
(Chorus and trumpet with orchestra)
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Children's voices) with orchestra. [second heading]
10. Accompaniment for
vocal music. When instrumental accompaniment is given in headings that include
vocal parts, it is the last element in the heading. For unaccompanied works,
see sec.11.
a. Accompaniment not
given in the heading. No indication of accompaniment is added to headings for
larger vocal forms and dramatic works, of which the following list is
representative:
Cantatas
Masses
Musicals
Operas
Oratorios
Pantomimes with music,
Sacred
Requiems
Solo cantatas
b. One instrument or two
keyboard instruments. Name specific instruments as the medium of performance
for the accompaniment of vocal music only if the accompaniment consists of one
instrument or two of the same keyboard instrument.
Examples:
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Mixed voices) with piano.
650 #0 $a Sacred songs
(High voice) with oboe.
650 #0 $a Vocal quartets
with pianos (2)
650 #0 $a Vocalises with
piano.
c. Other instrumental
accompaniment. Groups of two or more accompanying instruments (excepting two of
the same keyboard instrument) are indicated by the appropriate term for the
type of ensemble. See also sec. 5.b(4)
Examples:
650 #0 $a Canons,
fugues, etc. (Chorus with instrumental ensemble)
[not, e.g., 650 #0 $a
Canons, fugues, etc. (Chorus and trumpet with organ)]
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Sacred (Mixed voices) with brass ensemble.
[not, e.g., 650 #0 $a
Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices) with brass trio.]
650 #0 $a Songs (High
voice) with string ensemble.
[not, e.g., 650 #0 $a
Songs (High voice) with string quartet.]
650 #0 $a Songs (Medium
voice) with orchestra.
11. Unaccompanied vocal
music: the qualifier ", Unaccompanied."
a. Vocal music. When
vocal music is unaccompanied, the qualifier , Unaccompanied is added as the
final element in medium of performance headings, according to the provisions
below.
(1) Free-floating usage.
The qualifier , Unaccompanied is free-floating with the following headings,
including when they may be modified by range of solo voice or type of chorus:
150 ## $a Choruses
150 ## $a Choruses,
Sacred
150 ## $a Choruses,
Secular
150 ## $a Sacred vocal
duets, [trios, etc.]
150 ## $a Sacred songs
150 ## $a Songs
150 ## $a Vocal duets
[trios, etc.]
150 ## $a Vocalises
(2) Authority record
required. An authority record is required when , Unaccompanied is added to the
following headings, including when the first two may be modified by type of
chorus:
150 ## $a Masses
150 ## $a Requiems
150 ## $a Sacred vocal
ensembles
150 ## $a Vocal ensembles
Do not add ,
Unaccompanied to headings of the type described in sec. 8.b(3) or 9.b, or to
the headings listed in sec. 10.a., with the exception of Masses and Requiems,
to which it may be added according to the provisions of sec. (2) above.
(3) Examples.
650 #0 $a Choruses,
Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts), Unaccompanied.
650 #0 $a Songs (Medium
voice), Unaccompanied.
650 #0 $a Vocal
quintets, Unaccompanied.
650 #0 $a Vocalises
(Medium voice), Unaccompanied.
150 ## $a Masses,
Unaccompanied
150 ## $a Requiems
(Women's voices), Unaccompanied
b. Instrumental music.
Do not use , Unaccompanied in headings for instrumental music.
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