MISSIONARIES & MERCHANTS
(1820 - 1840)
I. Missionaries
A. New England Calvinists
1. 'Ōpūkaha'ia at Foreign
Mission School
2. American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions
a)
purpose: civilize & save
b)
politics & law of God
B. First ABCFM Mission to Hawaii
1. Who?
a)
Hiram Bingham & Asa Thurston (ordained ministers)
b)
lay specialists:
--
Daniel Chamberlain (farmer)
--
Elisha Loomis (printer)
--
Samuel Ruggles & Samuel Whitney (teachers)
--
Thomas Holman (physician)
==>
six bachelors in search of wives
c)
Hawaiians educated at FMS
--
Hopu or Thomas
--
William Kanui
--
John Honoli'i
--
George Kaumuali'i
2. When?
a)
left Boston Oct. 23, 1819 aboard Thaddeus
--
18,000 miles in five months
b)
arrived in Hawaii on March 30, 1820
--
kapu system overthrown in 1819
--
one year probation
3. Where?
a)
Thurston & Holman = Kailua, Hawai'i
b)
Whitney & Ruggles = Waimea, Kaua'i
c)
Bingham & the rest = Honolulu, O'ahu
4. What?
a)
Perceptions (Hawaiian & Missionary)
b)
Reception
--
Ka'ahumanu (1821 illness)
--
Liholiho (1823 trip to London)
c)
Political Influence
--
New Moral Laws (1824 & 1827)
--
French Catholics (1827-1831)
d)
Education
II. Merchants
A. Hawaii's location in Pacific (China
trade)
B. Three commodities bring trading ships
1. fur (~1785 - 1820)
2. sandalwood (1810 - 1829)
3. whale oil (1820 - 1860)
C. What was traded in Hawaii?
1. traders want: food, water, wood,
sailors, R&R
2. Hawaiians want: iron, firearms, Western
goods
D. Foreign Representatives
1. British consul = Richard Charlton
(1825)
2. U.S. Commercial Agent = John Coffin
Jones (1821)
--
also agent for Marshall & Wildes
E. Chiefly debt (after 1819)
1. promissory notes for sandalwood
a)
picul = 133 & 1/3 pounds (worth $10.00)
b)
$230,000 in 1822; est. $160,000 in 1826
2. visiting American warships
a)
Jan. 1826 -- U.S.S. Dolphin (John "Mad Jack" Percival)
b)
Dec. 1826 -- U.S.S. Peacock
==>
first tax on commoners (Dec. 1826)
3. Boki's Troubles
a)
conflict with Ka'ahumanu
--
kahu to Kauikeaouli
--
protected French Catholic priests
b)
1829 -- U.S.S. Vincennes
c)
fatal trip to Erromanga, New Hebrides (1829)
III. Missionaries vs. Merchants
A. Opposing views
B. Incidents of clash
1. Daniel (William Buckle) in Lahaina
(1825)
2. John Palmer (Elisha Clarke) in Lahaina
(1827)
3. Capt. William Buckle vs. Rev. William
Richards (1827)
4. Kuakini & Big Ben's "Sunday
Storms" (1831)
IV. Missionary Influence Weakens
A. Ka'ahumanu dies (June 5, 1832)
B. Kauikeaouli = "monarch of
misrule" (1832-1835)
1. influenced by Boki & Charlton
2. Hulumanus & Kaomi
3. royal sexual privileges
a)
Kīna'u
b)
Nāhi'ena'ena (d. 1836)
C. July 9, 1839 -- French ship L'Artemise
(C.P.T. Laplace)
1. threaten to bombard Honolulu
2. demand freedom for Catholics
3. treaty of "commerce &
friendship"
a)
French merchandise
b)
French consul & trials
D. Hiram Bingham leaves in 1840
Think/Write Question
Do you think the Hawaiian
people of the 1820s and 1830s were exploited by foreigners? What part did the
Hawaiians play in the moral struggles of that time period?