GREECE

(From City-States to Empire)

I.  City-States

         A.  Polis

                  1.  urban & agrarian life

                  2.  agora & acropolis

                  3.  gymnasia & amphitheater

                  4.  a community of citizens

                           -- citizen = adult, free, male, born there

                  5.  varied forms of government

                           a) monarchy

                           b) tyranny

                           c) aristocracy

                           d) oligarchy

                           e) democracy

                  6.  autonomy --> constant warfare

         B.  Colonies:  united culturally

                  1.  common language

                  2.  mythhistory (i.e. Iliad & Odyssey)

                  3.  festivals (i.e. Olympic Games)

         C.  Two examples

                  1.  Sparta:  a barracks state

                           a) Messenian Wars

                                    -- helots & hoplites

                           b) from aristocracy to oligarchy

                  2.  Athens:  evolution of democracy

                           a) Solon (594 B.C.E.)

                                    -- public assembly

                                    -- canceled debts

                           b) Peisistratus (550 B.C.E)

                                    -- economic growth

                           c) Cleisthenes (508 B.C.E.)

                                    -- created deme

                                    -- instituted ostracism

II.  Classical Period

         A.  Deadly Conflicts

                  1.  Persian Wars (499-479 B.C.E.)

                           a) colonial Greeks rebel

                           b) Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E.)

                           c) Invasion of Greece (480 B.C.E.)

                                    -- Greeks united to repulse Persians

                                    -- Salamis

                                    -- Plataea

                  2.  Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)

                           a) Athens vs. Sparta

                           b) Athenian empire (i.e. Delian League)

         B.  Creative & Scholarly Pursuits

                  1.  Artistic

                           a) architecture

                                    -- Parthenon

                                    -- Propylaea

                                    -- Erechtheum

                           b) drama

                                    -- Aeschylus

                                    -- Sophocles

                                    -- Euripides

                                    -- Aristophanes

                  2.  Intellectual

                           a) historians

                                    -- Herodotus

                                    -- Thucydides

                           b) philosophers

                                    -- Socrates

                                    -- Plato

                                    -- Aristotle

III.  The Empire of Alexander the Great

         A.  Philip II of Macedonia (r. 359-336 B.C.E.)

                  1.  unify Greece

                  2.  liberate Greek city-states

         B.  Alexander (r. 336-323 B.C.E)

                  1.  "benevolent despotism"

                           a) brutality

                           b) respect

                  2.  conquered the Persian Empire

         C.  Separate Kingdoms

                  1.  Ptolemy

                  2.  Seleucid

         D.  Legacy

                  1.  language & culture

                  2.  Hellenistic ecumene

                  3.  roads & cities

         E.  Historical Interpretations

                  1.  praise

                  2.  criticism