Back to Home Page 'PATHV', a Fortran Program was developed to solve the positions of
c four heavy atomic positions in the the crystal structure of
c 1,2,5,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-p-bromobenzoyl-D-mannitol in my masters'
c thesis in x-ray crystallography.
c This program can be used to solve the positions of four heavy atomic
c positions in space group P1.
c
c The required input data for this program are all Patterson peaks
c which are generated in one half unit cell from four heavy atoms in the
c Patterson Map.
c This Fortran program is 648 lines long and only the first few steps
c starting from 6th line are illustrated below.
c If you want to use 'PATHV', please, correspond with me.
c
c FIRST STAGE READS AND WRITES DATA:
NX=0
READ(5,15) TEXT
15 FORMAT(A75)
WRITE(6,16) TEXT
16 FORMAT('1',1X,6(/),A75,/)
READ(5,25) NP,DEBUG,LMATOM
25 FORMAT(3I5)
WRITE(6,26) NP, DEBUG,LMATOM
26 FORMAT(' ',5X,'TOTAL # OF PATTERSON PEAKS =',I5,5X,'DEBUG=',I5,'
.........................
.........................
400 CONTINUE
STOP
END
(Sorry for incomplete editing. Anticipate to complete in near future.)
The Hawaii Department of Planning and Economic Development (now Department of
Business and Economic Development) has been coordinating a comprehensive program
to
develop an ocean mineral industry. Considerable effort has been extended on
environmental impact assessments, psycho-sociological, and legal considerations.
The
University of Hawaii has served as the academic research partner to DBED, pionee
ring the
exploration for manganese nodules and crusts, and is now poised to develop a nat
ional
marine mineral technology institute with the University of Mississippi. This re
port draws
heavily from the available literature to serve as a point source state informati
on platform
from which ocean resourcing technology R & D for the harvest and processing of c
obalt-
rich crusts can be planned. The Pacific Ore Resource Technology (PORT) study team under CORT, has propose
d
a Center for Ocean Mineral and Mining Engineering Technology (COMET) for funding
by
the Department of Interior. This center will be the deep sea counterpart of the
University of
Mississippi's coastal and gulf area marine resource center. Manganese nodules are black, pea- to potato- sized concretions which are foun
d on the
seabed of deep ocean basins (Figure 1-1). They usually occur as a crust which h
as slowly
accumulated layer by layer on some nucleating object such as a small rock or sha
rk's tooth.
The internal structure is characterized by concentric layers resembling the grow
th rings of
trees (Figure 1-2). Manganese nodules consist of many elements. Most of the el
ements
are metals chemically combined with oxygen. The average nodule compositions use
d in
two studies are shown in Table 1-1 (King and Pasho, 1979). Cobalt-rich crust pa
vements
in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are known to occur around the Hawaiian
Archipelago and Johnston Island (Frank et al., 1976; Glasby and Andrews, 1977;
Craig
et al., 1982). Both manganese nodules and crust pavements have almost similar
characteristics. However, most research work completed has been with manganese
nodules. Manganese Nodules and Crusts: A Review
by
Lal_Ratnapala
Chemistry Department
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
and
Arthur Seki
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
Table of Contents
Purpose of Report
1.0 Physical and Chemical Features of Manganese Nodules and Crust
1.1 Genetic Types of Manganese Nodules
from the Equatorial Zone of Pacific
1.2 Textural Analysis of Nodule Layering
1.3 The Mechanism of Manganese and Iron Fixation
on Surfaces of Manganese Nodules
1.4 Analytical Techniques
1.5 Economic Significance of Nodule Metals
2.0 Economic Resources of Land
2.1 Crust in the Hawaiian and
Johnston Island EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)
3.0 Mining Technology
3.1 Continuous Line Bucket (CLB) Mining Systems
3.2 Hydraulic Lift System
4.0 Process Analysis
4.1 Cuprion Ammoniacal Process
4.2 High-Temperature and High-Pressure Sulfuric
Leach Process
4.3 Hydrochloric Acid Leach Process
4.4 Pyrometallurgical Process
4.5 Metal Recovery Efficiency
4.6 Importance of Energy
5.0 Overall Economics of Mining and Processing Sea Floor Nodules
5.1 Economics of CLB and Hydraulic Mining Systems
5.2 Economic Minability of Manganese Nodule Deposits
in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
5.3 Impact on Metals Markets
6.0 Environmental Aspects on Ocean Mining
7.0 Legal Aspects of Marine Exploration
7.1 The UN Regime
7.2 The 'Reciprocating States' Regime
7.3 Recent Developments-Conflict Resolution
Purpose of Report
[ Below is a selected portion of this document.]
1.0 Physical and Chemical Features of Manganese Nodules and Crusts
AVERAGE NODULE COMPOSITIONS (% dry weight)
CANMET Study Dames & Moore Report
Aluminum 6.50 3.42
Silicon 14.50 8.62
Phosphorus 0.05 0.19
Potassium 0.90 1.27
Calcium 1.65 2.03
Titanium 0.50 0.57
Manganese 27.00 31.69
Iron 5.00 10.77
Cobalt 0.25 0.25
Nickel 1.45 1.65
Copper 1.25 1.39
Zinc 0.15 0.19
Strontium 0.06 0.10
Molybdenum 0.06 0.06
Barium 0.05 0.05
Lead 0.05 0.06
Vanadium 0.05 0.05
Arsenic 0.005 0.006
Magnesium 1.50 1.77
Sulfur 0.50 0.13
Carbon 0.01 0.13
Sodium 2.50 2.79
_________________________________________________________________
Source: D. E. C. King and D. W. Pasho, (1970). "A Generalized
Estimating Model for the Ocean Management Inc. Manganese Nodule Processing Facil
ity",
Ontario, Canada: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. Cited in Raymond W
.
Jenkins, M. Karl Jugel, Kent M. Keith, Maurice A. Meylan, (1981). "The Feasibili
ty and
Potential Impact of Manganese Nodule in the Puna and Kohala Districts of Hawaii"
, State
of Hawaii: Department of Planning and Economic Development (DPED) and U.S.
Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p-8.
Many rare earth elements (REE) which are normally present in the earth's crust in relatively low concentrations (Aplin, 1983) also can be found in deep-sea nodule s. The REE content of nodules around Line Islands are given in Appendix A (Elderfield, 1981). However, the interest in nodules centers on their nickel, copper, cobalt, and ma nganese content since they are the most valuable recoverable constituents of manganese n odules.
Manganese nodules consist of a complex mixture of materials, including fine- grained crystallites of several minerals of detrital and authigenic origins, org anic and colloidal matter, and igneous and metamorphic rocks of varying degrees of degrad ation. Such heterogeneities and complicated internal structures make it very difficult to characterize the very small mineral crystallites (1-10 mm) in manganese nodules. The fundamental chemical and physical features of nodules are summarized in Table 1- 2 (Stephen-Hassard et al, 1978).
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