Date: Fri, 9 Oct 1998 10:01:11 -1000 (HST)
From: Ruth Horie ruthh@hawaii.edu
To: hicat-l@hawaii.edu
Subject: Hawn lang initial articles

This is information that I put together in 1996 regarding non-filing Hawaiian language initial articles in titles in the UHCARL public catalog. Coding of the second indicator of the 245 tag is based on USMARC and also applies to OCLC records. -- Ruth

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Coding Hawaiian Language Initial Articles

Due to the way PAC sorts and retrieves titles, searching for Hawaiian language titles in UHCARL can yield unexpected results. Hawaiian has a variety of non-filing initial articles. The language also employs two diacritic marks, both of which may be used with certain initial articles, as well as with other words which may follow the initial article or articles. Variations in appearance of the articles on library materials and in MARC coding for the initial non-filing characters in titles in our database create differences in what is retrieved for any given title (//T) search. The guidelines and examples below will assist staff and library users in retrieving the titles for which they search and in understanding the search results they obtain.

The Articles:

Hawaiian in modern orthography has three initial articles that have no diacritics:

He	=	A, An
Ka	=	The (singular)
Ke	=	The (singular)

There are also two initial articles that have diacritics:

N[macron]a	= The (plural)
`O	= Nominalizing particle

In addition, there are at least three combinations of initial articles:

`O ka	=	The (singular)
`O ke	=	The (singular)
`O n[macron]a	=	The (plural)

The Situation:

On library materials, diacritics may appear inconsistently or not at all; two initial articles may be combined to form a single word; or an initial article may be combined with the next significant word. In bibliographic records in UHCARL, the value for the number of non-filing characters to be ignored in sorting any given title may be inaccurate. Depending on how initial articles appear on materials and how the titles are coded, retrieval and appearance in PAC are affected.

NOTE: There is a difference in how initial articles in any language are treated in the UHM catalog as compared to the the other UHCARL site library catalogs. This is due to the fact that UHM has a later version of the software.

A question has come up as to how to tell if the number of non-filing indicators is correct, and what the result of incorrect coding would be, with examples. I've added more notes below. Hope they help. -- Ruth

Count each diacritic and space preceding the first significant word in the title as one non-filing character:

245 03	He	(no diacritics)
245 03	Ka	"
245 03	Ke	"
245 04	N[macron]a	N|\MA|a
245 03	`O	|\AY|O
246 06	`O ka	|\AY|O ka
246 06	`O ke	|\AY|O ke
245 07	`O n[macron]a	|\AY|O n|\MA|a

CORRECTION: Diacritics associated with the first letter of the first significant word following the initial article would NOT be counted as additional non-filing characters:

245 03 Ke ola	Ke ola	(no diacritics)
245 03 Ka `oihana	Ka |\AY|oihana	(1 diacritic)
245 03 Ka `o[macron]lelo	Ka |\AY||\MA|olelo	(2 diacritics)

Initial articles that are part of names are considered part of the name:

245 00 Kamehameha
245 00 Keanae
245 00 Napili
245 00 Heakalani

If you can determine that an initial article is connected to the first significant word, code it as if the compound word was one word and make a variant title added entry for the title beginning with the first significant word, without the initial article:

245 00 Kealoha means love
246 3_ Aloha means love

Note: If the text itself doesn't have diacritics, or if it has only some diacritics but not others, transcribe exactly and adjust the second indicator value accordingly.

245 03	Ka olelo
245 04	Ka `olelo
245 05	Ka `[macron]olelo

Correctly coded titles will appear in the PAC screen of seven with the first significant word aligned on the first indention. In addition, if the first letter of the first significant word was entered in lower case in the bibliographic record, it will appear in upper case in the screen of seven.

Incorrectly coded titles will appear in a variety of different ways. If the filing indicator is too low, the first significant word will appear one space to the right of the first indention or with all or part of the initial article appearing. The first letter of the first significant word will appear in lower case. If the filing indicator is too high, letters of the first significant word will be cut off. In either case, retrieval by title search may be affected but word searching is not affected.

correct coding:	----->	appearance in PAC:
245 04 N|\MA|a helu wahi	----->	Helu wahi
incorrect coding:	----->	appearance in PAC:
245 02 N|\MA|a helu wahi	----->	a helu wahi
245 03 N|\MA|a helu wahi	----->	helu wahi
245 05 N|\MA|a helu wahi	----->	elu wahi

Diacritics at the beginning of a title that does not begin with an initial article are not counted as nonfiling cha-----> racters:

245 00 |\AY||\MA|Olelo

Even if input correctly, diacritics do not display in PAC.

245 05 Ka |\AY||\MA|olelo (appearance in PAC: Olelo)

List Owner, HICAT-L
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Ruth Horie, Cataloging Dept., Hamilton Library
University of Hawaii at Manoa
2550 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 U.S.A.
ph.(808)956-2764 fax 956-5968 ruthh@hawaii.edu
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