S.elf- Tests

In the matching section, there is only one answer to each question; however, the lettered options (a, b, c, etc.) mav be used more than once or not at all.

I. Matching

1. In 1668, demonstrated that maggots appeared only in decaying meat that had been exposed to flies.

2. Introduced the concept that living cells arise from other living cells.

3. Introduced the technique of vaccination for smallpox.

4. First to use the microscope to observe "cells."

5. Made an association between silkworm disease and a

fungus.

6. A surgeon who used carbolic acid to control wound

infections.

7. First to speculate about the possibility of a "magic bul

let" that would destrov a pathogen without harming the

host.

8. Discovered penicillin.

9. Using anthrax as a model, demonstrated that a specific

microorganism is the cause of a specific disease.

10. Originated our svstem of scientific nomenclature.

11. Assigned a microbial cause to fermentation.

12.First to crystallize a virus.

13. Showed that mild heating of spirits kills spoilage bacteria without damage to the beverage.

14.Developed a classification system that groups organisms into five kingdoms.

Answers to Matching I

a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

b. John Needham

c. Lazzaro Spallanzani

d. Louis Pasteur

e. Francesco Redi

f. Wendell Stanle

g. Rudolf Virchow

h. Agostino Bassi

i. Joseph Lister

j. Robert Koch

k. Paul Ehrlich

l. Alexander Fleming

m. Edward Jenner

n. Carolus Linnaeus

o. H. R. Whittaker

p. Robert Hooke

II. Matching

1. Grouped as Procaryotae, or Monera.

2. Noncellular; reproduce onlv inside cells of host organism.

3. Helminths.

4. Yeasts.

5. Procaryotes.

6. Unicellular, eucaryotic microorganisms; members of kingdom Protista.

Answers to Matching II

a. Protozoans

b. Algae

c. Fungi

d. Bacteria

e. Viruses

f. Multicellular animal parasites

III. Fill- in- the- Blanks

1. Bacteria generallv reproduce bv a process called ________ into two equal daughter cells.

2. Microorganisms classified as photosynthetic eucarvotes are _____________.

3. Techniques that keep areas free of unwanted microorganisms are referred to as _________________ (germ- free) techniques.

4. The set of criteria that prove a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease is known today as___________________

5. The concept that living cells can arise only from other living cells is called _________________.

6. One objection proponents of spontaneous generation made to experiments with heating nutrient fluids in sealed containers was that heating destroyed some ______________ in the air.

7. According to the rules applied to the scientific naming of a biological organism, the ________________ is always capitalized.

8. The protection from a disease that is provided by vaccination is termed _________________.

9. Monera, formerly called blue-green algae, which may fix nitrogen from the air, are called _________________.

10. The general name for a rod- shaped bacterium is ___________.

11. The general name for a spherical or ovoid bacterium is _________ .

12. Protists that are classified by their means of locomotion are __________________ .

13. The process by which yeasts change sugars into alcohol is termed _______________ .

14. The treatment of a disease with chemical substances is called ________________ .

15. Paul Ehrlich discovered an arsenic derivative, ____________, which worked against syphilis.

16. Antimicrobial chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi are called _______________ .

17. The use of microbes to help clean up an oil spill is called __________________ .

Chemical Principles

I. Matching

1. The strongest of the three chemical bonds listed.

2. An uncharged particle in the atomic nudeus.

3. A hydrogen ion.

4. The number of protons in the nucleus.

5. Particles with a negative charge that move in shells around the nucleus.

6. A bond formed by sharing electrons in the outermost shell.

7. A weak bond formed, tor example, bv the slight positive charge at the hvdrogen end of the water molecule reacting with the negative end of other molecules.

8. A bond formed bv the gain or loss of electrons from the outer electron shell.

Answers for Matching I

a. Proton

b. Atomic weight

c. Electron

d. Nucleus

e. Atomic number

f. Neutron

g. Ionic bond

h. Covalent bond

i. Hydrogen bond

II. Matching

1. The substance upon which an enzvme acts.

2. A protein that lowers the activation energy required for a reaction.

3. The sum of the atomic weights of a molecule's atoms.

4. The collective term for all decomposition reactions.

5. The number of grams equal to molecular weight.

6. The collective term for all synthesis reactions.

7. The combining capacitv of an atom.

8. An ion with a positive charge.

9. One ot two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.

Answers for Matching II

a. Cation

b. Anion

c. Substrate

d. Valence

e. Mole

f. Molecular weight

g. Anabolism

h. Catabolism

i. Mole

j. Enzyme

k. Isomer

III. Matching

1. Prevents drastic change in pH.

2. Substance that dissociates into ions that are neither OHor H .

3. A proton donor.

4. Dissociates into one or more negative ions, such as OH- .

5. Combinations of atoms that have gained stability by completing the full complement of electrons in the outermost shell.

Answers for Matching III

a. Compound

b. Molecule

c. Acid

d. Salt

e. Base

f. Hydroxyl ion

g. Buffer

h. Hydroxy group

IV. Matching

1. Eight or more glucose molecules in a chain.

2. Sterol.

3. Fat.

4. Production of a molecule of water during synthesis

5. Formed from chains of amino acids.

6. Lipoprotein.

7. Results from the release of energy by separation of the terminal phosphate group.

8. DNA.

Answers for Matching IV

a. Condensation

b. Monosaccharides

c. Disaccharides

d. Polysaccharides

e. Lipids

f. Proteins

g. Conjugated proteins

h. Nucleic acids

i. Adenosine triphosphate

j. Adenosine diphosphate

k. sterol

.. ..o~~.,

V. Fill- in- the- Blanks

1. All atoms with the same atomic number are classified as the same ____________ .

2. When discussing synthesis, the combining substances are called _____________ and the substance formed is the ___________________ .

3. Carbon has a valence of _______________ .

4. Most elements have __________________, which have the same number of protons in the nucleus but different weights due to differing numbers of neutrons.

5. Amino acids in proteins are connected by _________________ .

6. The five- carbon sugar in DNA is _________________ .

7. In DNA, adenine always pairs with _________________ .

8. In RNA, thymine is replaced by _______________ .

9. The principal energy- carrving molecule in all cells is ______________ .

10. RNA differs from DNA in being usually ______________ stranded.

11. In a protein, the order of the amino acid sequence is the _____________ level of organization.

12. The basic units of nucleic acids are __________________ .

13. Thymine and cytosine are ring structures called ___________________ .

14. An example of a nitrogen-containing base in a nucleotide is __________________ (More than one answer is acceptable.)

15. The _________________ level of protein organization provides it with a three-dimensional shape.

16. About _______________ different kinds of amino acids occur naturallv in proteins.

17. Amino acids can exist as ___________________ designated D or L.

18. Some important characteristics of water are its high ______________ and its capacitv as a temperature ____________________ .

19. A molecule with at least two kinds of atoms, such as water, is a ______________ .

20. Cations are positively charged ions; their outer electron shell is _________ than half filled and they lose electrons.

21. The minimum collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur is its __________________ .

22. ____________________ have the general formula CH2O, with a hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 2:1.

23. Sucrose, formed of the sugars glucose and fructose, is an example of a _______saccharide. (Provide the prefix.)

24. ____________________ share the property of being soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether and alcohol, but not water.

25. Neutrons and protons have a weight about 1840 times that of ______________

26. Decomposition yields energy, which is called an _______________ reaction.

Chapter 3 Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope

Self- Tests

In the matching section, there is onlv one answer to each question; however, the lettered options (d, b, c, etc.) mav be used more than once or not at all.

I. Matching

1. The electrons pass through a thin section of the specimen.

2. Visible light passes through the specimen; uses separate objective and ocular lenses.

3. Details become visible because of differences in the refractive index of different parts of the cell.

4. Visible light is scattered from the sides of the specimen, and the specimen is visible against a darkened background.

5. A special microscope using ultraviolet illumination.

6. The electrons strike the surface of the specimen, and those leaving the surface are viewed on a televisionlike screen.

Answers for Matching I

a. Compound light microscope

b. Scanning electron microscope

c. Phase- contrast microscope

d. Transmission electron microscope

e. Fluorescence microscope

f. Darkfield microscope

II. Matching

1. Pertaining to the relative velocities of light through a substance.

2. Involves the use of antibodies and ultraviolet light.

3. One millionth of a meter.

4. One ten- millionth of a meter.

5. The ability to separate two points in a microscope field.

Answers for Matching II

a. Micrometer

b. Nanometer

c. Angstrom

d. Resolving power

e. Refractive index

f. Immersion oil

g. Immunofluorescence

III. Matching

1. Adhere(s) best to bacteria, which have a negative charge, because the color molecule has a positive charge.

2. Used in diagnosis of tuberculosis.

3. Involve(s) the use of a negative stain made from India ink particles.

4. Schaeffer- Fulton stain.

5. Use(s) carbolfuchsin dye.

6. Use(s) malachite green.

7. Reflect(s) a basic difference between microbial cell walls; ethanol will not remove stain from some bacteria.

Answers for Matching III

a. Basic dves

b. Acidic dyes

c. Gram stain

d. Acid- fast stain

e. Capsule stain

f. Endospore stain

g. Flagella stain

IV. Fill-in-the-Blanks
1.The prefix nano indicates that the unit should be divided by a

3. Immersion oil has about the same refractive index as

4. Fluorochrome dyes glow with visible light when illuminated bv

5. Electron wavelengths are only about as long as visible light and therefore have much resolving power.

6. Bacteria tend to have a slightly ___________ electrical charge.

7.The electron microscope that tends to give a seemingly three- dimensional view of the specimen is the electron microscope.

8. The thin film of a microbial suspension spread on the surface of a slide is called a __________________ .

9. Flaming the slide before applying the stain is called ________________ .

10. Transmission electron microscopy permits magnifications as high as about ______________________ .

11. In the flagella stain, a _________________ is used to increase the diameter of the flagella.

12. Bacterial genera that are acid-fast are __________________ and __________________ .

13. A disease for which the acid-fast stain is useful in diagnosis is __________________ .

14. In order to see shapes and arrangements of cells, a _______________ stain is usually sufficient.

15. A chemical that makes microorganisms stain more intensely is called a _____________________ .

16. _____________________ dyes have a negative color ion.

17. Some microorganisms, such as the thin spirochete Treponema pallidum, are best seen with ____________________ microscopy.