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Population decline is also likely. Low fertility will exacerbate these trends. +&Second Feature: The Economic Lifecycle  DGap between Consumption and Labor Income at Older Ages, 13 CountriesEE$p5Economic Lifecycle Summary4In all countries the per person gap between consumption and labor income at older ages is large. Some tendency for the gap to be larger in older countries. Implies that the economic resources to older ages may increase faster than the population in those groups. Gap is not larger in some older countries.,IThird Feature: The Support System (How do we fill the gap at older ages?)JJ0 q6Old-Age Support Systems$-Old-Age Support Systems$l2Trend: Old-Age Support Systems$r7#Three Scenarios for Aging Societies . Possibility I^Rapid population aging Large lifecycle gap for the elderly Reliance on public support systems __/Possibility II`Rapid population aging Large lifecycle gap for the elderly Reliance on familial support systems aa0Possibility IIINRapid population aging Large lifecycle gap for the elderly Reliance on saving OOU&Actual Outcome Depends on:Trends in demographic variables Extent to which the gap between consumption and labor income widens, narrows, or remains the same Shifts in the relative importance of familial support, public support, and retirement saving.1A Positive OutcomeIf people save to support themselves in retirement, population aging leads to An increase in per capita wealth An increase in wages due to the greater investment Higher standards of living.(PpPp2Regional ShiftJapan and the US have the highest per capita projected wealth, but India and China have the largest projected populations. Which countries have the greatest projected total wealth?/Total Wealth, National Shares, Simulated Values00$$Regional Shift in Wealth, 2000-2050%%(ZChina and India gain. US has a lower, but substantial share. Japan declines substantially.3Implications for PolicyOEmphasize asset accumulation over public and familial financial support systems. But some major problems How do we deal with rising costs of health and long-term care? How do we promote the development of sound and reliable financial sectors in countries where they do not yet exist? How do we get people to save (and to do so wisely)?<iZZ6 *4Implications for PolicyTo what extent should immigration policy be influenced by aging? Transfers from legal immigrants to older Americans, through Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid are substantial. 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